Ruminations of Jacques Derrida on Europe A Philosophical Study Amna Raza Abbasi یسابع اضر ہنمآ Ruminations of Jacques Derrida on Europe: A Philosophical Study Amna Raza Abbasi Area Study Centre for Europe University of Karachi 2018 1 Certification This is to certify that this thesis titled ―Ruminations of Jacques Derrida on Europe: A Philosophical Study‖ is written by Amna Raza Abbasi for partial fulfilment of MPhil degree from University of Karachi. This research work is carried out under my supervision and I approve it for the submission to BASR, University of Karachi. Dr. Zulfiqar Ali Assistant Professor Department of Philosophy University of Karachi-75270 Tel: 9221-99261300-7 Fulbright Scholar 2013-14 University of Virginia Charlottesville, USA. یسابع اضر ہنمآ Dedication Dedicated to present day political thinkers and decision makers that they get benefit from Derrida‘s work that has a universal approach in resolving political problems the world is faced with. 3 Contents Certification ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Dedication .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Abbreviations .............................................................................................................................................. 7 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................... 12 ہصلاخ ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 14 1. The Western Metaphysical Tradition and Derrida’s Cachet ....................................................... 20 1.1. From Antiquity to Late Sixteenth Century.................................................................................. 24 1.2. Seventeenth Century till Late Nineteenth Century ..................................................................... 32 1.3. Early Twentieth Century Onwards ............................................................................................. 36 1.4. Jacques Derrida ........................................................................................................................... 40 2. The Western Metaphysical Tradition and Idea of Europe ........................................................... 45 2.1. From Antiquity to Late Sixteenth Century.................................................................................. 46 2.2. Seventeenth Century till Late Nineteenth Century ..................................................................... 52 2.3. Twentieth Century Onwards ....................................................................................................... 57 3. Idea of Europe in Derrida’s Metaphysics ....................................................................................... 60 3.1. Decentering: Rupture at the heart of Europe............................................................................... 62 3.2. Decision: The Activating of Responsibility ................................................................................ 66 یسابع اضر ہنمآ 3.3. Democracy to Come ................................................................................................................... 71 3.4. Hauntology: Deconstructing Ontology ....................................................................................... 78 3.5. The Other: Difference of Europe ................................................................................................ 84 3.6. Phallogocentrism: An Attitude .................................................................................................... 87 4. Political Ramifications of Derrida’s Philosophy ............................................................................ 91 4.1. Derrida as a political philosopher ............................................................................................... 92 4.2. Decentered Europe: Muslims in Europe ..................................................................................... 96 4.3. Europe‘s Political Identity and Muslim Other .......................................................................... 103 4.4. Democracy and Islam................................................................................................................ 110 4.5. The Gendered Relations of Europe ........................................................................................... 117 4.5.1. Europe‘s relation with the Orient ...................................................................................... 118 4.5.2. Europe‘s relation with US ................................................................................................. 120 5. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 128 Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................ 133 5 Acknowledgements I am thankful to Dr. Zulfiqar Ali who has helped me grow more throughout the years I have been working under him. His philosophical inquisitions and eye to detail will be sole responsible to any merit this thesis has. Secondly the recommendations on my final draft by Ms. Mahwish Ehtesham, Mr. Muhammad Shibli Raza have helped me better the thesis more profoundly. Also the constant help form Mr. Rizwanur Rehman and Ms. Madiha Maryam Abbasi on the matters taking this thesis to the final form need to be acknowledged duly. I am indebted to Ami and Abu and my brothers and sisters for who I am and also because they have tolerated my love for words and Derrida, throughout this time on family gatherings and dinner time. They have continually supported me and their love is the real fuel behind my work. Lastly but importantly I would like to show my gratitude to my husband, Muhammad Tauqeer Jamal, whose constant persuasions with deadly timelines, occasional doubts and persistent help have enabled me to actually get this thesis completed. یسابع اضر ہنمآ Abbreviations The following works of Jacques Derrida are cited in the thesis with their abbreviations listed below: A: Aporias. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1993. AEL: Addieu to Emmanuel Levinas. Trans. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. AF: Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression,. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1995. AI: "Autoimmunity: Real or Symbolic Suicides -a Conversation with Jacques Derrida." Borradori, Giovanna. Philosophy in a Time of Terror. Trans. Pascale-Anne Brault and Micheal Naas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. 85-136. BL: "Before the Law." Acts of Literature. Ed. D. Attridge. London: Routledge, 1992. 181-220. CR: "Critical Response." Critical Inquiry 13 (1986): 155-170. D: Dissemination. Trans. Barbara Johnson. London: The Athlone Press Ltd, 1981. DA: "The Deconstruction of Actuality." Negotiations. Ed. Elizabeth Rottenberg. Stanford: University of Stanford Press, 2002. 85-166. DT: "Deconstructing Terrorism." Borradori, Giovanna. Philosophy in a Time of Terror: Dialogues with Jurgen Habermas and Jacques Derrida. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003. 137-172. EH: "A Europe of Hope." Epoché 10.2 (2006): 407-412. 7 EIRP: Ethics, Institutions and the Right to Philosophy. Trans. Peter Pericles Trifonas. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002. EM: “The Ends of Man." Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 9.1 (1969): 31-57. EPC: "Enlightenment Past and to Come." Le Monde Diplomatique 06 November 2004. <http://mondediplo.com/2004/11/06derrida>. ET: Echographies of Television: Filmed Interviews Bernard Stiegler. Trans. Jennifer Bajorek. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2002. EX: "Excuse me but I never said exactly so: Yet another Derridean interview." On the Beach (1983): 42-3. <http://hydra.humanities.uci.edu/derrida/so.html>. F: "February 15, or What Binds European Together: A Plea for a Common Foreign Policy, Beginning in the Core of Europe." Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 31 May 2003 (co- author Jurgen Habermas). FK: "Faith and Knowledge: the Two Sources of 'Religion' at the limits of Reason Alone." Religion. Ed. Jacques Derrida and Gianni Vattimo. Polity Press, 1998. 1-78. FL: "Force of Law: The 'Mystical Foundation of Authority'." Derrida, Jacques. Acts of Religion. Ed. Gil Anidjar. Trans. Mary Quaintance. New York: Routledge, 2002. 228-298. GD: The Gift of Death. Trans. David Wills. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1995. H: Of Hospitality. Trans. Rachel Bowlby. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000. IC: Intellectual Courage: An Interview by Thomas Assheuer. 11 March 1998. 29 October 2015. <http://www.culturemachine.net/index.php/cm/article/view/303/288>. یسابع اضر ہنمآ L: Learning to Live Finally: The Last Interview Jean Birnbaum. Trans. Pascale-Anne Brault and Michael Naas. Hoboken, New Jersey: Melvillehouse Publishing, 2007. M: Mochlos, or the conflict of the faculties." Logomachia: The Conflict of the Faculties. Ed. Richard Rand. Trans. Richard Rand and Amy Wigant. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press,, 1992. 1-34. MO: Monolingualism of the Other; or, The Prosthesis of Origin. Trans. Patrick Mensah. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998. MP: Margins of Philosophy. Trans. Alan Bass. Chicago: The Harvester Press, 1982. MS: "Marx & Sons." Ghostly Demarcations: A Symposium on Jacques Derrida's Specters of Marx. Ed. Micheal Sprinker. London: Verso, 1999. 213-269. NA: "No Apocalypse, not now (full speed ahead, seven missiles, seven missives)." Diacritics (1984): 20-31. ON: On the Name. Ed. Thomas Dutoit. Trans. David Wood, Jr., John P. Leavey and Ian McLeod. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995. OS: Of Spirit: Heidegger and the Question. Trans. Geoffery Bennington and Rachel Bowlby. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1989. P: Points ... Interviews, 1974-1994. Trans. E. Weber. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995. PC: The Post Card: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond. Trans. Alan Bass. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978. 9