Page i Rubber Products Manufacturing Technology Edited by Anil K. Bhowmick Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India Malcolm M. Hall Consultant Shrewsbury, England Henry A. Benarey Industrial Engineering Corporation Bonita Springs, Florida Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York • Basel • Hong Kong Page ii Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Rubber products manufacturing technology / edited by Anil K. Bhowmick, Malcolm M. Hall, Henry A. Benarey. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0824791126 (acidfree paper) 1. Rubber industry and trade. I. Bhowmick, Anil K. II. Hall, Malcolm M. III. Benarey, Henry A. TS1890.R84 1994 678'.2dc20 9343397 CIP Values, data, opinions, and information contained in this book are not guaranteed for accuracy or for freedom from errors or omissions. They are not to be used directly for design criteria, without substantive evidence. The use and reliance thereon for any purpose is entirely voluntary and at the sole risk of the user. The publisher, author(s), and editor(s) disclaim any liability for loss, claim, or damage resulting from their use. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the address below. This book is printed on acidfree paper. Copyright © 1994 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Current printing (last digit): 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Page iii To Asmit and Kumkum Page v Preface The last few decades have witnessed truly explosive development and growth in rubber products manufacturing technology. For example, a tire can be made today in a few minutes using sophisticated machinery without much manpower. Those who are involved in teaching, research, or business find that there is a dearth of immediate information on this subject. This book draws together and systematizes the body of information available and presents it in as logical a fashion as possible. This book covers the compounding, mixing, calendering, extrusion, vulcanization, and manufacturing technology of a few important rubber products. Since most modern machinery, whether used in the mixing room or in the forming and shaping of products, and other modern manufacturing technology is selfcontrolling and monitored by computers, the use of computeraided design and manufacturing, automation, and microprocessor has also been highlighted. Manufacturing process control is today's tool to combat excessive costs. Since a very large number of products are made using rubber, it was impossible to describe every form of manufacturing technology. However, the basic principles of manufacturing technology may be learned from this book. In a few cases, multiple authors were invited to contribute, to stress the importance of a subject. This volume contains material of interest to both scientists and technologists. The various developments are described by experts in the field, most of whom have extensive industrial or working experience. Their contributions are expected to be of immediate relevance to those concerned with the applications of rubber. The editors are grateful to the contributors for the time and effort they were able to devote to this book. During the preparation of the book, we received help from a large number of people from both industry and academics. We thank them all. In particular, we are thankful to Prof. K. L. Chopra, Director, IIT Kharagpur, and the faculty members and students of the Rubber Technology Center, IIT Kharagpur; Prof. Takashi Inoue, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo; Dr. E. Maekawa, Bando Chemical Company, Kobe; Page vi Dr. K. Harada, JSR Company, Ltd.; and Dr. D. Banerjee, Mr. A. N. Bhattacharya, Mr. J. Chatterjee, and Dr. S. N. Chakravarty—all from the Indian Rubber Institute. We also thank various companies, authors, editors, and journals for permission to use diagrams and photographs from published sources and for other necessary assistance. We have acknowledged them in appropriate places in this book. If we have missed anyone, the slip is unintentional. Finally, we thank Mr. and Ms. J. M. Bhowmick and Dr. and Ms. S. K. Biswas for helping with the manuscript. ANIL K. BHOWMICK MALCOLM M. HALL HENRY A. BENAREY Page vii Contents Preface v Contributors xi 1 1 Compound Design A. D. Thorn and R. A. Robinson 2 103 Mixing Technology Peter S. Johnson 3 123 Mixing Machinery for the Rubber Industry Jürgen W. Pohl and Andreas Limper 4 179 Calendering Technology Gerd Capelle 5 267 Extrusion and Extrusion Machinery Michael I. Iddon 6 315 Vulcanization and Curing Techniques Anil K. Bhowmick and D. Mangaraj 7 397 ComputerAided Mold Design M. J. FalconerFlint 8 407 Automation and Control in the Rubber Industry David M. Ortoli Page viii 9 419 Improving Rubber Testing with Microcomputers Henry Pawlowski 10 439 ComputerIntegrated Manufacturing (CIM) Craig A. Wolf 11 449 RubbertoMetal Bonding F. H. Sexsmith 12 473 Coated Fabrics B. Dutta 13 503 ComputerAided Rubber Product Design Norihiro Shimizu 14 515 Tire Compound Development W. W. Barbin 15 533 Developments in Tire Technology Raouf A. Ridha and Walter W. Curtiss 16 565 Conveyor Belt Technology Gerry Murphy 17 593 VBelt and Fan Belt Manufacturing Technology Minoru Fukuda, Tsutomu Shioyama, and Yoshiyuki Mikami 18 651 Hose Technology John D. Smith 19 671 Cable Technology Achintya K. Sen 20 687 Vibration Isolators and Mounts Sadhan Dasgupta 21 705 Rubber in Automotive Applications R. P. Salisbury 22 711 OilResistant Rubber Material for Automotive Hoses Tadaoki Okumoto 23 731 RubberCovered Rolls B. Dutta 24 757 Footwear Technology P. B. Ghosh Dastidar Page ix 25 771 Sealing Technology D. L. Hertz 26 795 Hard Rubber Compounds Dennis L. Cooper 27 801 Rubber Sports Goods Manufacturing Technology R. C. Haines and P. J. Corish 28 823 Latex Product Manufacturing Technology Tony Gorton 29 845 Foam Products Manufacturing Technology E. V. Thomas 30 855 Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Tape Technology Richard E. Bennett 31 867 JustInTime and the Rubber Industry David C. Barker 32 889 Waste Disposal Fred W. Barlow Index 903 Page xi Contributors W. W. Barbin Goodyear Technical Center, Akron, Ohio David C. Barker DCB Associates, Shropshire, England Fred W. Barlow Consultant, Stow, Ohio Richard E. Bennett 3M Company, St. Paul, Minnesota Anil K. Bhowmick Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India Gerd Capelle Herman Berstorff Maschinenbau GmbH, Hanover, Germany Dennis L. Cooper Tulip Corporation, Niagara Falls, New York P. J. Corish P. J. Corish & Associates, Snitterfield, England Walter W. Curtiss Goodyear Technical Center, Akron, Ohio B. Dutta Bengal Waterproof Limited, Calcutta, India Sadhan Dasgupta Polybond India Private Limited, Pune, India M. J. FalconerFlint Anchor Chemical Australia, Crows Nest, Australia Minoru Fukuda Bando Chemical Industries, Ltd., Kobe, Japan P. B. Ghosh Dastidar Bata India Ltd., Batanagar, India Tony Gorton Advanced Latex Consultancy Services Ltd., Hertford, England R. C. Haines Dunlop Slazenger International, Ltd., Wakefield, England D. L. Hertz Seals Eastern Inc., Red Bank, New Jersey
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