Andersen 1 Knowledge and Experience in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves: an exploration of epistemology at stake in modernist fiction Author: Rasmus Todbjerg Andersen Student number: s1473824 Thesis submitted for the degree of: Master of Arts Thesis supervised by: Prof. Dr. Frans-Willem Korsten Second reader: Dr. Liesbeth Minnaard Leiden University January 2016 Andersen 2 Acknowledgments: I want to shortly thank some people who have been all absolutely crucial in relation to the writing of this thesis. I would like to thank my supervisor, Frans-Willem Korsten, for always being there and never doubting the final outcome all the while pressuring me to do better. Andries Hiskes also has a significant stake in the thesis as he has sat down with me on many occasions to discuss my latest thoughts or chapters. This help has been crucial part of the development of the thesis. Thank you. I would like to thank Dorthe Jørgensen for her philosophy and help. Her work has always been a source of inspiration in my own work. I am also grateful for my parents being patient with me and not asking too much into how everything was coming along. And most importantly I want to thank Petra Chao for always being there for me, especially when I am doubting everything. Finally, I want to thank all my fellow students as well to be there for nice lunch break discussions. Rasmus Todbjerg Andersen Den Haag, 2016 Andersen 3 Table of Contents I – Introduction ................................................................................................................. 4 II – Epistemology in Woolf’s Modernism ...................................................................... 10 II – I Modernism ......................................................................................................... 11 II – II Modern times and modern epistemology ......................................................... 17 II – III Woolf’s Modernism according to Banfield ..................................................... 25 III – Performing fiction and the act of thinking .............................................................. 29 III – I Representations- and performances of epistemology ....................................... 30 III – II The experience of fiction ................................................................................ 39 III – III Time is changing ............................................................................................ 48 IV – Waves and series – Knowledge at stake in The Waves .......................................... 58 IV – I Rhythmic fiction – modernist fiction? ............................................................. 60 IV – II Language, sense and rhythm ........................................................................... 63 IV – III Series in The Waves; a stylisation of becoming ............................................ 70 Works cited ..................................................................................................................... 78 Andersen 4 I – Introduction In Virginia Woolf’s The Waves1, one of the novel’s main characters, Bernard, is constantly driven by a strong urge to describe his surroundings. His need to describe forces Bernard to employ language as a medium in his constant attempt at representing his immediate surroundings. He thereby creates a relation between himself and the world that goes through language. Bernard’s need to describe the world becomes a barrier between himself and the real world already at an early age. And he only discovers, while shaving as a middle-aged man, that it is not possible for him to grasp and represent the world fully through language. This discovery leaves Bernard disenchanted with language and its possibilities as his experience of the real world never seems to genuinely translate into prose. Bernard struggles with the fact that his descriptions only capture life through mimetic representation. He discovers that re-presentation is always separated from the real by language. Description is never the same as the real, as well as it always seems to transgress that which it is representing. Bernard discovers that his urge to describe life through language is an attempt at describing everything, but at every turn of his description he is confronted with language’s inability to do exactly that. This discovery forces Bernard to reassess his narrative strategy as well as the possibility of transferring knowledge through language. The question that Woolf is posing through Bernard is: How is it possible to describe the real world objectively, all the while being a part of it? (Banfield, The Phantom Table 59)2 Bernard’s struggle with language in the The Waves, in other words, is also Woolf’s struggle and the struggle of modernist fiction. Woolf not only represents the problematic relationship between representation and knowledge on the level of content in The Waves, she also emphasises the problematic nature of language through the form of the novel. In The Waves she 1 Woolf, Virginia. The Waves. 1931. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Print. 2 Banfield, Ann. The Phantom Table: Woolf, Fry, Russell and the Epistemology of Modernism. 2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print. Andersen 5 employs experimental narrative structures, as the novel is made up by a number of subjective internal monologues. The subjective soliloquies are only broken up by short interludes describing the sun passing over a deserted beach. Woolf’s experimentation and innovation, as well as Bernard’s, offers a closer look at the relationship between the epistemology of Modernism and the way in which knowledge is at stake in the novel. In the article “A Semiotic Definition of Aesthetic Experience and the Period Code of Modernism”3 from 1982, Douwe Fokkema explains that Woolf’s novel The Waves “provides us with an exemplary demonstration of Modernist code.” (66) The modernist code, Fokkema clarifies, is made up of a number of complex linguistic strategies, of which the two most prolific are: The narrator’s awareness of his or her own “provisional [and] hypothetical nature” (69) as well as the hypothetical nature of both language and knowledge. By employing these ideas as narrative strategies, the modernist code encrypts information, in an effort to make the world strange so that the reader can rediscover and experience the world anew. Fokkema argues that the “[i]ntellectual” (71) themes of The Waves are overshadowed by the fact that the novel is a stylization of modernist code as such, which means that as soon as the code has been deciphered the novel does not offer much in terms of content that can successfully “attract readers” (66). The content in itself is not sufficiently estranging. My experience of The Waves, however, holds my attention beyond the novelty of its code. What is interesting is that even though Modernism is trying to break away from a false sense of objectivity by creating a code that is based on a structural subjectivity, Woolf is none the less trying to instil a sense of objective knowledge through fiction. Woolf’s modernist fiction is integrating both code and content in order to establish the boundary of knowledge in fiction. The possibility of knowledge in fiction, is that which has always intrigued me most in relation to fiction. Both Woolf and Bernard, both the 3 Fokkema, Douwe W. “A Semiotic Definition of Aesthetic Experience and the Period Code of Modernism.” Poetics Today 3.1 (1982): 61–79. Web. Andersen 6 code and content of The Waves, are engaged in a symbiotic discovery of the extent to which modernist fiction can create a world in which real knowledge is at stake. The American literary scholar Ann Banfield also believes that not only the code, but also the content of The Waves is worth investigating. Banfield is trying to establish how Woolf is using fiction to represent and engage the possibility of genuine objective value as a form of knowledge. In the book The Phantom Table: Woolf, Fry, Russell and the Epistemology of Modernism (2000) Banfield delves into Woolf’s oeuvre and discovers that her innovative and experimental fiction is in fact a proper discussion of philosophical epistemology as such. According to Banfield, Woolf’s novels reveal a literary representation and discussion of the famous English philosopher Bertrand Russell’s epistemology. At the heart of Woolf’s fiction, she explains, there is an interest in representing Russell’s epistemology in order for fiction to gain value as a form of knowledge. Banfield lays out how Woolf’s modernist fiction can in fact teach the reader something new about the real world (Banfield, The Phantom Table 60). It is important to stress the fact, however, that Banfield does not only understand Woolf’s modernist fiction as capable of transferring knowledge as representation, but she rather sees fiction as an alternative to philosophical inquiry (The Phantom Table 383). This means that even though Banfield engages the epistemology of Modernism as a modernist representation of Russell’s epistemology, she also considers this form of fiction to partake in a certain, alternative, creation of knowledge. Banfield argue that Woolf, by using Russell’s epistemology, actually gives her fiction a proper logical structure and therefore creates knowledge. Banfield’s investigation raises a string of important questions, not only in relation to how fiction is able to represent epistemology, but also how representation as such is capable of creating a form of knowledge. In other words, Banfield is exploring what it is that Woolf does in The Waves and other novels that makes fiction epistemological. This does not mean that she believes that the knowledge at stake in modernist fiction is independent from a representation of philosophy. Andersen 7 Russell’s epistemology is crucial to Banfield’s reading of Woolf, which means that the knowledge at stake in The Waves necessarily refers back to Russell’s epistemological framework. I agree with Banfield in so far as the relationship between fiction and knowledge is at stake in modernist fiction, but as I see it, Woolf’s modernist fiction always does more than referring back to a specific philosophical discourse. Modernist authors were interested in the relationship between fiction and knowledge (Childs 21)4 and in The Waves it is possible to see this interest both as representation and, as I will argue later, a performance. In other words, by engaging and exploring Banfield’s argument in The Phantom Table I will be able to delve into what it means that there is epistemology at stake in The Waves. In order to do so I will examine what is being represented in The Waves, e.g. Bernard’s constant exploration for the potential of language, and I will continually question my own experience of the novel, which depends as much on the performance of the form as well as the content. I expect that by doing so, it is possible for me to define the way in which Woolf is relating representation and knowledge in The Waves and thereby define the relationship between Woolf’s modernist fiction and epistemology without referring back to Russell’s epistemology. I agree with Fokkema when he writes that it is as a stylisation of form, as a stylisation of modernist code, that The Waves at first attracts its attention. But my interest in The Waves stems from the inherent double and interrelated nature of code and content. The construction creates an experience of something more complete at stake in the novel. The experience of The Waves is difficult to classify and it holds more questions regarding the nature of knowledge and the relationship between knowledge and fiction than answers. I therefore disagree with Fokkema in so far as he believes that it is as a code that The Waves is most interesting and thereby also demands most attention. The questions relating to the possibility of representing knowledge as well as performing knowledge through language has kindled my interest in the novel and these 4 Childs, Peter. Modernism. New York: Routledge. 2008. Print. Andersen 8 factors have become the roots of the following exploration of Woolf’s The Waves and thereby Modernism. The question I will be exploring in this thesis pertains to Banfield’s reading of Woolf’s fiction. What is the epistemology of Modernism? Or in order to be more precise: How does modernist fiction relate to epistemology? My working hypothesis is that Woolf’s modernist fiction is referring back to epistemology, not primarily as a representation of Russell’s epistemology, but rather as an experience of knowledge, a form of fiction which is continually inscribing knowledge through the paradoxical nature of language. The exploration of the performance of knowledge at stake in The Waves is made up of three chapters. First, I begin by delving deep into Banfield’s analysis of Woolf’s fiction. It is an important place to start, in order to establish how fiction and knowledge is related through a representation of philosophy. Thereafter, in the second chapter, I will expand on Banfield’s analysis of epistemology by dividing the experience of fiction into representation and performance. In order to develop this argument, I approach fiction as a performance of knowledge and in order to elaborate how these performances of knowledge can be turned into practical readings of fiction I turn to three thinkers, Ernst van Alphen, Noël Carroll, and Dorthe Jørgensen, who try to approach and use thinking at stake in art and literature. In the third and final chapter, I will develop a new understanding of the knowledge at stake in The Waves by employing Gilles Deleuze’s epistemology and relating his ideas of event and series to fiction. I argue that fiction is made up of a number of series, of which all are made up of singular events. I argue that Deleuze’s empirical epistemology is a useful tool in conceptualising the knowledge at stake in the form of The Waves as well as in the content of the novel. I argue that modernist fiction proposes a different kind of knowledge than we are used to in the external world. A form of knowledge that is continually becoming. Woolf’s modernist fiction is an opportunity to articulate the epistemology of Modernism as a lived knowledge that is always becoming. In this Andersen 9 sense, modernist fiction is recreating the relationship between the individual and reality through fiction. Andersen 10 II – Epistemology in Woolf’s Modernism In her book The Phantom Table Banfield approaches the epistemology at stake in Modernism by focusing on the relationship between Woolf and Russell. Banfield argues that Woolf’s Modernism is an attempt to invent a new form of fiction. By employing Russell’s epistemology as a key to decipher the imagery and the novels’ form, Banfield argues that Woolf is translating philosophical principles into aesthetic principles and she thereby becomes capable of representing reality. Without engaging in a discussion of the problematic status of any a form of art which aspires to represent anything objectively, Banfield describes Woolf’s aspirations as a modernisation of fiction. Woolf’s experiments with form are attempts to write fiction that grasps the possibility of knowledge in fiction by offering an experience that has objective value rather than only focusing on representing the subjective world (Banfield, The Phantom Table 59). It is necessary for Woolf to experiment with the possibilities in fiction, because modernist fiction was to her taste too narrowly focused on the subjective and private world of the writer instead of the reality of the external world (“Modern Fiction” 899)5. Banfield argues that Woolf develops Modernism from being an exercise in psychological impressionism to being an attempt at writing fiction that has actual objective and thereby cognitive value. By extending the possibilities at stake in modernist fiction, from only including the private and subjective world to also containing the public objective world, Woolf creates a form of fiction which relates to the reader in a new more totalising way (Banfield, The Phantom Table 334-5). According to Banfield, Woolf effectively bridges the gap between the clear, but fragmented knowledge of philosophy and science and the “blur of sense perception” pertaining to the singular experience (The Phantom Table 187). Woolf’s modernist fiction employs an imagery that represents Russell’s epistemology as well as a form that, Banfield argues, performs his epistemology. As a combination of performance and representation, Banfield understands 5 Woolf, Virginia. “Modern Fiction.” Modernism – An Anthology. Ed. Lawrence Rainey. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. 897-901. Print.