University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository History ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fall 11-15-2017 Royal Daughters in Anglo-Saxon England Alice Wehling University of New Mexico - Main Campus Follow this and additional works at:https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds Part of theHistory Commons Recommended Citation Wehling, Alice. "Royal Daughters in Anglo-Saxon England." (2017).https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/hist_etds/206 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in History ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please [email protected]. i Alice Wehling Candidate History Department This thesis is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Thesis Committee: Timothy Graham, Chairperson Sarah Davis-Secord Jonathan Davis-Secord ii ROYAL DAUGHTERS IN ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND by ALICE WEHLING B.A., HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, 2014 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts History The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico December, 2017 iii ROYAL DAUGHTERS IN ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND by Alice Wehling B.A., History, University of New Mexico, 2014 M.A., History, University of New Mexico, 2017 ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to investigate the social roles of royal daughters in Anglo-Saxon England. The daughters of Anglo-Saxon kings were raised in monasteries or in the royal households of their parents, and were educated in accordance with their royal status. Through their marriages to the rulers of other kingdoms, royal daughters served as the primary vehicles by which Anglo-Saxon ruling dynasties made political alliances with their domestic and continental neighbors. Royal daughters could also be consecrated to the religious life; as nuns and abbesses of prominent monastic institutions, these women served their family’s spiritual interests and wielded substantial spiritual and political influence. In addition, royal daughters in Anglo-Saxon England were in some cases able to wield formal political power. As witnesses to the charters of their fathers and brothers, and, in a few rare cases, as candidates to succeed their fathers on the throne, royal daughters served as instrumental agents in Anglo-Saxon political administration. By examining the diverse roles of royal daughters in Anglo-Saxon society, this thesis argues that these women possessed a degree of power and social influence which was inherent in their status at birth, rather than entirely dependent on their marriages to powerful men. iv Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................1 Chapter One: Childhood and Education .......................................................................14 Birth .......................................................................................................................14 Baptism and Consecration .....................................................................................22 Growing Up at Court .............................................................................................26 Education ...............................................................................................................35 Chapter Two: Marriage ..................................................................................................44 Royal Marriage in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries ............................................44 Royal Marriage from the Ninth to the Eleventh Century ......................................66 Chapter Three: Religious Life ........................................................................................73 Familial and Social Roles of Royal Female Religious ..........................................74 Choice and Agency ................................................................................................80 Secular Ties ............................................................................................................88 Humility, Holiness, and Power ..............................................................................98 Chapter Four: Property and Politics ...........................................................................106 Property and Inheritance ......................................................................................106 Charter-Witnessing ..............................................................................................112 Political Succession .............................................................................................118 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................129 Works Cited ....................................................................................................................133 1 Introduction The daughters of Anglo-Saxon kings included among their number faithful wives, devout saints, land magnates, military leaders, and even murderers. Despite their brief appearances in historical sources, these royal daughters possessed dynamic and unique personalities. Yet these remarkable women all had one thing in common: royal status at birth. This study seeks to investigate the implications that this royal status had for the daughters of Anglo-Saxon kings. Throughout this work, I will primarily explore the roles that royal daughters played within Anglo-Saxon society, as well as the ways in which their royal status affected their ability to hold social and political power. By investigating the various experiences of royal daughters in Anglo-Saxon England, particularly their upbringings, marriages, and roles in both religious and secular life, I argue that these women were born with an inherent degree of power and social influence that stemmed from their royal status, rather than from their marriages to powerful men. The study of women in Anglo-Saxon England faces many of the same problems which occur for any historian of medieval women. Women usually appear in medieval sources sporadically, and certainly to a much lesser extent than men, while the sources in which they do appear are most often written from a male point of view. The study of Anglo-Saxon women must therefore entail what Joel Rosenthal has termed the “bits-and- pieces approach,” in which scant information from multiple sources is combined to form a picture of female “identity.”1 In many ways, historians must be content with simply identifying individual women, and, as the most prominent women in the historical record, 1 Joel T. Rosenthal, “Anglo-Saxon Attitudes: Men’s Sources, Women’s History,” in Medieval Women and the Sources of Medieval History, ed. Joel T. Rosenthal (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1990), 268. 2 royal and aristocratic women have long been the focal point of their efforts. As Sheila Dietrich has so aptly observed, although this “great women” approach has been criticized for its reliance on a small subset of supposedly “representative” individuals, the search for great women in the historical record is “valuable since it reveals the public or political activities available to women” throughout the Anglo-Saxon period.2 This thesis uses this traditional form of women’s history as its primary methodological approach. However, since the power held by Anglo-Saxon royal daughters stemmed from their status within their birth families, their relationships to male kin, particularly fathers and brothers, are of paramount importance in evaluating their ability to exercise social and political power. Rather than simply exploring the lives of “great women,” the study of royal women must therefore also involve a gendered reading of any primary source. By illuminating some of the biographical details of a small subset of very elite women, and by exploring their relationships with their parents and siblings, I hope to illustrate general trends within Anglo-Saxon society regarding royal status, birthright, and gender. Despite the problems inherent in the study of women in the early Middle Ages, a great deal of information about women in Anglo-Saxon England can be found in surviving chronicles, biographies, hagiographies, and diplomatic sources. Most of our information for Anglo-Saxon women in the seventh and eighth centuries comes from the Venerable Bede. Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People, completed in 731, serves as the primary source for women during the conversion period, and is used extensively throughout this thesis. To a lesser extent, Bede’s prose Life of Cuthbert, 2 Sheila C. Dietrich, “An Introduction to Women in Anglo-Saxon Society (c. 600-1066),” in The Women of England from Anglo-Saxon Times to the Present: Interpretative Bibliographical Essays, ed. Barbara Kanner (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1979), 34. 3 completed by 721, can also provide us with some insight into the lives of Anglo-Saxon women, and its complex and controversial depiction of Abbess Ælfflæd (d. 714) is addressed in Chapter Three. Bede generally privileges the spread of the Christian Church in England over the actions of individuals, and his focus on the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons means that he tends to present women as virginal saints or agents of conversion, thereby largely ignoring women’s activities within the political sphere. However, Bede does provide some nuanced and insightful portraits of women, and his depictions of the royal daughters Æthelburh, Eanflæd, Ælfflæd, and Æthelthryth provide some of the most detailed accounts of women during the early Anglo-Saxon period. In addition to Bede, there are numerous other Anglo-Saxon sources which provide historians with information about royal daughters. Stephen of Ripon’s Life of Wilfrid, written in the 710s, discusses in greater detail the political influence of Anglo-Saxon royal women in the seventh century. Asser’s Life of King Alfred serves as our primary source of information for royal daughters during the reign of Alfred the Great (r. 871- 899). Written in 893, Asser’s Life provides a wealth of information about Alfred’s family life, including his relationships with his parents and siblings, his wife Ealhswith, and his five children. Although Asser is by no means an impartial source, but rather intent on conveying a distinctly pro-Alfred agenda, his account enables us to catch a glimpse of gender and kinship relations within the royal household in ninth-century Wessex. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, made up of multiple collections of annals that were first compiled during Alfred’s reign, provides much of our information for Anglo-Saxon history from the ninth to the eleventh century. Although women in the Chronicle “are 4 primarily noteworthy for their total absence” and “absolute silence,”3 its report of King Alfred’s daughter Æthelflæd (d. 918) provides one of the few accounts of early medieval women acting unopposed and unquestioned in a political role. In addition to these narrative texts, diplomatic sources provide a great deal of evidence for the activities of royal daughters in Anglo-Saxon England. Anglo-Saxon women make numerous appearances in wills and charters, and their presence within these documents provides us with a picture of women as powerful and independent figures. Anglo-Saxon documents show that women were able to freely inherit and bequeath both landed and moveable property. High-profile documents such as King Alfred’s will indicate that female members of the royal family often inherited substantial amounts of land and money. The frequent appearance of royal daughters in the witness lists of the charters of their fathers and brothers also indicates that these women were instrumental participants in political administration. As indicated by the above discussion, Anglo-Saxon women appear in narrative histories, chronicles, hagiographies, and administrative documents, each of which presents its own unique problems. But perhaps the greatest difficulty for the study of women in the Anglo-Saxon period is not the type of source, but rather the gulf between contemporary and non-contemporary sources. Many of the sources that relate to Anglo- Saxon women date from the eleventh and twelfth centuries and were written by Anglo- Norman or continental chroniclers and hagiographers. Unlike Bede or Asser, these authors could not have witnessed the incidents they described, nor could they have had access to individuals with first-hand information about women who died centuries earlier. 3 Rosenthal, “Anglo-Saxon Attitudes,” 265. 5 In fact, sources written during the Norman period “have more to tell us about the time in which they were written than that in which their subjects lived.”4 They therefore express different values than Anglo-Saxon sources, and may not accurately convey Anglo-Saxon views on gender. However, these sources are often the historian’s only opportunity for discovering any biographical information about many Anglo-Saxon women, particularly during the later period. In many cases, these Norman writers may have had access to original Anglo-Saxon sources or oral traditions handed down through monasteries.5 This means that at least some of the biographical details that they relate can potentially be trusted, and oftentimes the historian of Anglo-Saxon women has little choice but to take them at their word. Perhaps the most important of the Norman chroniclers for the later history of Anglo-Saxon England is William of Malmesbury. William’s Gesta Regum Anglorum and Gesta Pontificum Anglorum, both written in the first half of the twelfth century, provide much of the political and ecclesiastical history for the middle and late Anglo-Saxon periods, particularly the ninth and tenth centuries. William’s anecdotal accounts of a number of female saints, most of whom were the daughters of kings, can help fill in the gaps surrounding the activities of royal daughters in the Church during this period. The Liber Eliensis, composed by an anonymous monk at the monastery of Ely in the twelfth century, describes in great detail the founding of the monastery and the exploits of Æthelthryth and her sisters, daughters of King Anna of East Anglia (d. 653/4). In addition, hagiographical writing from the post-Conquest period, such as Goscelin’s 4 Barbara Yorke, “‘Carriers of the Truth’: Writing the Biographies of Anglo-Saxon Female Saints,” in Writing Medieval Biography: Essays in Honour of Frank Barlow, ed. David Bates, Julia Crick, and Sarah Hamilton (Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press, 2006), 50. 5 Ibid.