ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: ISLAM, STATE AND SOCIETY Volume 1 THE CALIPHATE THE CALIPHATE THOMAS W. ARNOLD Firstpublishedin1965byRoutledge&KeganPaulLtd Thiseditionfirstpublishedin2017 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninforma business ©1965Routledge&KeganPaulLtd Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedor reproducedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical, orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,including photocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageor retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksor registeredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationand explanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-1-138-23270-9(Set) ISBN:978-1-315-31161-6(Set)(ebk) ISBN:978-1-138-21572-6(Volume1)(hbk) ISBN:978-1-138-21574-0(Volume1)(pbk) ISBN:978-1-315-44324-9(Volume1)(ebk) Publisher’sNote Thepublisherhasgonetogreatlengthstoensurethequalityofthis reprintbutpointsoutthatsomeimperfectionsintheoriginalcopies maybeapparent. Disclaimer Thepublisherhasmadeeveryefforttotracecopyrightholdersand wouldwelcomecorrespondencefromthosetheyhavebeenunableto trace. THE CALIPHATE BY SIR THOMAS W. ARNOLD, C.LE., LITT.D. With a concluding chapter by SYLVIA G. HAIM ( j LONDON ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAUL LTD First published in Oxford at the Clarendon Press in 1924 Reissued with an additional chapter in 1965 by Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd Broadway House, 68-74 Carter Lane London E.O.4 Printed in Great Britain by Butler & Tanner Ltd Frome and London © Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd 1965 PREFACE following pages are based on lectures THE delivered in the University of London; the pUblication of them has been delayed owing to the exacting nature of the author's work in the School of Oriental Studies. Students of Muslim history will at once recognize his indebtedness to the works of Barthold, Becker, Caetani, N allino, and Snouck Hurgronje, and he cannot claim to have done much more than present the result of their researches to English readers who may be unacquainted with the scattered writings of these distinguished authorities. A part of Chapter IV has already appeared in the Edinburgh Review, and is reproduced here with the permission of the editor. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. The Caliphate and the Holy Roman Empire 9 II. Origin of the Caliphate. The titles of the Caliph . 19 III. Theological Sanction for the Caliphate in the Qur' an and the Traditions. 42 IV. Historical survey of the Abbasid dynasty 55 V. The exposition of the jurists . 70 VI. Recognition of the Abbasid Caliphate from the eleventh to the thirteenth century 77 VII. Establishment of the Abbasid Cali- phate in Cairo 89 VIII. Relations of the Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo with other princes in the Muslim world 99 IX. Assumption of the title Khalifah by independent Muslim princes . 107 X. The exposition of philosophical and ethical writers 121 XI. The Ottomans and the Caliphate 129