ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: DEVELOPMENT LEARNING FROM CHINA? LEARNING FROM CHINA? Development and environment in Third World countries Edited by BERNHARD GLAESER Volume 23 First published in 1987 This edition first published in 2011 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1987 B. Glaeser and contributors Printed and bound in Great Britain All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 13: 978-0-415-58414-2 (Set) eISBN 13: 978-0-203-84035-1 (Set) ISBN 13: 978-0-415-59296-3 (Volume 23) eISBN 13: 978-0-203-83892-1 (Volume 23) DOI: 10.4324/9780203838921 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. Learningfrom China? Development and environment in Third World countries Edited by BERNHARD GLAESER Wissenschajtszentrnm Berlin for Socialforschung (WZB) , Environmental Policy Research Unit London ALLEN & UNWIN Boston Sydney Wellington © B . Glaeser a nd c ontributors, 1987 This b ook i s copyright u nder t he B erne C onvention. No r eproduction without p ermission. All rights reserved. Allen & Unwin, the a cademic i mprint o f Unwin Hyman Ltd PO B ox 1 8, Park L ane, Hemel H empstead, Herts H P24TE, UK 40 M useum S treet, London W CIA l LU, UK 37/39 Q ueen E lizabeth S treet, London S EI 2QB Allen & Unwin I nc., 8 W inchester P lace, Winchester, Mass. 01890, USA Allen & Unwin ( Australia) Ltd, 8 N apier S treet, North S ydney, NSW 2 060, Australia Allen & Unwin ( New Z ealand) Ltd in a ssociation w ith t he P ort N icholson P ress L td, Private B ag, Wellington, New Z ealand First p ublished i n 1 987 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Learning f rom C hina?: environment a nd d evelopment in T hird W orld c ountries. 1. Man - Influence o n n ature - China 2. Man - Influence o n n ature - Developing c ountries 3. China - Economic c onditions - 1976- 4. Developing c ountries - Economic c onditions I. Glaeser, Bernhard 330.951'05 HC427.92 ISBN 0 -04-333027-4 Library ofC ongress C ataloging-in-Publication Data Learning f rom C hina? Papers from an i nternational c onference e ntitled " Environment and D evelopment i n T hird W orld C ountries: Leaming f rom China?" h eld i n W est B erlin, 10/31-1112/83. Includes bibliographies a nd i ndex. 1. Environmental p olicy - China - Congresses. 2. China - Economic p olicy - 1949- - Congresses. I. Glaeser, Bernhard. II. Title: Environment a nd development i n T hird W orld c ountries. HC430.E5L43 1986 338.951 86-20647 ISBN 0 -04-333027-4 ( alk. paper) Set i n 10 o n 1 1 point B embo b y N ene P hototypesetters L td, Northampton and p rinted i n G reat B ritain b y B illings a nd S ons L td, London a nd W orcester Preface In the period from 1980 to 1983, the International Institute for Environment a nd S ociety ( lIES) oft he S cience C enter B erlin c onducted a research project on "Environmental Policy in the People's Republic of China and Technological Development." This study was com- plemented b y t he v isit o f an environmental d elegation to C hina, which aimed to encourage cooperation between the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the People's Republic in the environmental field; three publications resulted from the study. 1 The project was rounded out a nd brought t o a c onclusion w ith t he c onvening o f an international conference entitled "Environment and Development in Third World Countries: Learning from China?" held in West Berlin between October 3 1 and N ovember 2 , 1983. The p articipants at this conference were D. Betke, F. von B ismarck, N. Boschmann, A. Brandt, J. B. Carmichael, B. Chakraverty, R. Ernst, W. M. Feng,J. Galtung, B. Glaeser, E. Hagemann, E. Hahn, T. Hoppe, J. Horberry, W. Kinzelbach, J. Kiichler, W. Manshard, P. Neunhauser, R. Pestel, S. Peterlowitz, W. Schenkel, H. Schreck, D. Senghaas, U. E. Simonis, N. Singh, P. Spitz, P. Sundarraj, J . F. C. Turner, R. G. Wagner, and C. L. Yu. The s cope of t he "China conference" was twofold: first, to present and discuss some of the most i mportant a spects of t he environment i n the People's Republic and Chinese development policy; secondly, to assess some of t he possibilities for implementing specific measures on the Chinese model i n other countries of t he so-called Third W orld. In particular, the scope of t he meeting included the areas of i ndustrial- ization, food production, energy use, and landscape and settlement planning. What is it that the Chinese model or the Chinese experience has to offer, which can be useful for or p erhaps successfully implemented in other countries of t he Third World? The focus was clearly more the South-South than the North-South relationship and, thus, included specialists i n v arious f ields of development i n t he S outhern H emisphere in a ddition t o China e xperts a nd r epresentatives f rom institutions i n t he North, notably from some United Nations agencies. The conference had, in part, a "workshop character"; that is, rather than just presenting the results of t he whole project, it attempted to examine issues by in- corporating open discussion and encouraging more subjective views and analyses as to whether specific Chinese solutions could or could Vlll PREFACE not be implemented in different political, socioeconomic, or e nviron- mental s ettings. The c onference papers and other contributions written a s a r esult of the conference discussions that followed are presented in this volume. I should like to take this opportunity to gratefully acknowledge the invaluable assistance given to me in the technical editing and prepara- tion o f this book b y M s Mary E lizabeth Kelley-Bibra. Her c are, skills, and devotion to the task as well as her insights and suggestions contributed greatly to the overall quality of t he final manuscript. I am highly i ndebted t o h er. Bernhard G laeser Berlin 1986 Notes 1 Bernhard G laeser (ed.), Umweltpolitik in China: Modernisierung und Umwelt in Industrie, LandwirtschaJt, und Energieerzeugung (Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1983); Bernhard G laeser (ed.), Okologie und Umweltschutz in der VR China: Eindriicke und Eifahrungsberichte einer Umweltdelegation (Bochum: Brock- meyer, 1982); Ekhart Hahn, Umweltbewuflte Siedlungspolitik in China (Frankfurt: Campus, 1983). Contents Preface page v ii Notes VI11 List of tables xv List ofc ontributors XVI Environmental p olicy in China: a modelfor T hird World Countries? BERNHARD GLAESER Environment and development 1 Chinese philosophies and strategies for development 2 Environmental policy and planning in China 4 The possibilities and constraints of policy implementation: learning from China? 5 Conclusion 8 References 9 PART I Chinese philosophies and strategies for development 1 On the reactions ofC hinese culture against the Western challenge: the o ther s ide o fm odernization 13 YU CHEUNG-LIEH East Asian culture and Western influence 13 Materialism, dialectic, and Chinese philosophy 14 The development of materialism and dialectic in Chinese history and philosophy 16 The Chinese response to the Western challenge 27 Notes 29 References 30