Routledge History of Philosophy Volume II This volume provides a comprehensive survey of the work of philosophers who wrote in Greek and Latin from the mid-fourth century BC to the fifth century AD—from the death of Plato to the beginning of Christian philosophy. Five chapters are devoted to Aristotle and the Peripatetic school, three to the major Hellenistic schools—the Epicurean, Stoic and the Sceptic—two to the arguments of mathematicians and biologists, and one each to Neo- Platonism and Augustine. Supplemented with a chronology, a glossary of technical terms and an extensive bibliography, Volume II of the Routledge History of Philosophy provides a comprehensive and user-friendly survey and analysis of the methods and achievements of post-Platonic Classical philosophers. David Furley is Professor of Classics, Emeritus, at Princeton University, and an Honorary Fellow of Jesus College Cambridge. He is the author of Cosmic Problems: Essays on Greek and Roman Philosophy of Nature (1989). He was Editor of Phronesis (1968–72) and he was elected Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy in 1990. Routledge History of Philosophy General Editors—G.H.R.Parkinson and S.G.Shanker The Routledge History of Philosophy provides a chronological survey of the history of Western philosophy, from its beginnings in the sixth century BC to the present time. It discusses all major philosophical developments in depth. Most space is allocated to those individuals who, by common consent, are regarded as great philosophers. But lesser figures have not been neglected, and together the ten volumes of the History include basic and critical information about every significant philosopher of the past and present. These philosophers are clearly situated within the cultural and, in particular, the scientific context of their time. The History is intended not only for the specialist, but also for the student and the general reader. Each chapter is by an acknowledged authority in the field. The chapters are written in an accessible style and a glossary of technical terms is provided in each volume. I From the Beginning to Plato Robert Solomon and Kathleen C.C.W.Taylor (published 1997) Higgins (published 1993) II From Aristotle to Augustine VII The Nineteenth Century David Furley C.L.Ten (published 1994) III Medieval Philosophy John VIIIContinental Philosophy in the Marenbon 20th Century Richard Kearney (published 1993) IV The Renaissance and 17th-century Rationalism IX Philosophy of Science,Logic and G.H.R.Parkinson (published Mathematics in the 20th Century 1993) S.G.Shanker (published 1996) V British Philosophy and the Age X Philosophy of Meaning, of Enlightenment Knowledge and Value in the Stuart Brown (published 1996) 20th Century John Canfield (published 1997) VI The Age of German Idealism Each volume contains 10–15 chapters by different contributors Routledge History of Philosophy Volume II From Aristotle to Augustine EDITED BY David Furley London and New York First published 1999 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 © 1999 Selection and editorial matter David Furley; individual contributions, the contributors The right of David Furley to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data From Aristotle to Augustine/edited by David Furley. p. cm.—(Routledge history of philosophy; v. 2) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-06002-8 (HB) 1. Philosophy, Ancient. 2. Aristotle. 3. Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo. I. Furley, David J. II. Series. B505.F76 1999 180–dc21 98–8543 CIP ISBN 0-203-02845-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-05817-8 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-06002-8 (Print Edition) Contents General editors’ preface vii Notes on contributors ix Chronology xii List of sources xix Introduction 1 David Furley 1 Aristotle the philosopher of nature 9 David Furley 2 Aristotle’s logic and metaphysics 40 Alan Code 3 Aristotle: Aesthetics and philosophy of mind 76 David Gallop 4 Aristotle: Ethics and politics 109 Roger CrispandTrevor J.Saunders 5 The Peripatetic school 147 Robert W.Sharples 6 Epicureanism 188 Stephen Everson 7 Stoicism 222 Brad Inwood 8 The sceptics 253 Michael Frede 9 The exact sciences in Hellenistic times: Texts and issues 287 Alan C.Bowen 10 Hellenistic biological sciences 320 R.J.Hankinson vi 11 Neo-Platonism 357 Eyjólfur K.Emilsson 12 Augustine 389 Gerard O’Daly Glossary 430 Name index 434 Subject index 441 Index locorum 451 General editors’ preface The history of philosophy, as its name implies, represents a union of two very different disciplines, each of which imposes severe constraints upon the other. As an exercise in the history of ideas, it demands that one acquire a ‘period eye’: a thorough understanding of how the thinkers whom it studies viewed the problems which they sought to resolve, the conceptual frameworks in which they addressed these issues, their assumptions and objectives, their blind spots and miscues. But as an exercise in philosophy, we are engaged in much more than simply a descriptive task. There is a crucial critical aspect to our efforts: we are looking for the cogency as much as the development of an argument, for its bearing on questions which continue to preoccupy us as much as the impact which it may have had on the evolution of philosophical thought. The history of philosophy thus requires a delicate balancing act from its practitioners. We read these writings with the full benefit of historical hindsight. We can see why the minor contributions remained minor and where the grand systems broke down: sometimes as a result of internal pressures, sometimes because of a failure to overcome an insuperable obstacle, sometimes because of a dramatic technological or sociological change and, quite often, because of nothing more than a shift in intellectual fashion or interests. Yet, because of our continuing philosophical concern with many of the same problems, we cannot afford to look dispassionately at these works. We want to know what lessons are to be learnt from the inconsequential or the glorious failures; many times we want to plead for a contemporary relevance in the overlooked theory or to reconsider whether the ‘glorious failure’ was indeed such or simply ahead of its time: perhaps even ahead of its author. We find ourselves, therefore, much like the mythical ‘radical translator’ who has so fascinated modern philosophers, trying to understand an author’s ideas in his and his culture’s eyes, and at the same time, in our own. It can be a formidable task. Many times we fail in the historical undertaking because our philosophical interests are so strong, or lose sight of the latter because we are so enthralled by the former. But the nature of philosophy is such that we are compelled to master both techniques. For learning about the history of philosophy is not just a challenging and viii engaging pastime: it is an essential element in learning about the nature of philosophy—in grasping how philosophy is intimately connected with and yet distinct from both history and science. The Routledge History of Philosophy provides a chronological survey of the history of Western philosophy, from its beginnings up to the present time. Its aim is to discuss all major philosophical developments in depth, and with this in mind, most space has been allocated to those individuals who, by common consent, are regarded as great philosophers. But lesser figures have not been neglected, and it is hoped that the reader will be able to find, in the ten volumes of the History, at least basic information about any significant philosopher of the past or present. Philosophical thinking does not occur in isolation from other human activities, and this History tries to situate philosophers within the cultural, and in particular the scientific, context of their time. Some philosophers, indeed, would regard philosophy as merely ancillary to the natural sciences; but even if this view is rejected, it can hardly be denied that the sciences have had a great influence on what is now regarded as philosophy, and it is important that this influence should be set forth clearly. Not that these volumes are intended to provide a mere record of the factors that influenced philosophical thinking; philosophy is a discipline with its own standards of argument, and the presentation of the ways in which these arguments have developed is the main concern of this History. In speaking of ‘what is now regarded as philosophy’, we may have given the impression that there now exists a single view of what philosophy is. This is certainly not the case; on the contrary, there exist serious differences of opinion, among those who call themselves philosophers, about the nature of their subject. These differences are reflected in the existence at the present time of two main schools of thought, usually described as ‘analytic’ and ‘continental’ philosophy. It is not our intention, as general editors of this History, to take sides in this dispute. Our attitude is one of tolerance, and our hope is that these volumes will contribute to an understanding of how philosophers have reached the positions which they now occupy. One final comment. Philosophy has long been a highly technical subject, with its own specialized vocabulary. This History is intended not only for the specialist but also for the general reader. To this end, we have tried to ensure that each chapter is written in an accessible style; and since technicalities are unavoidable, a glossary of technical terms is provided in each volume. In this way these volumes will, we hope, contribute to a wider understanding of a subject which is of the highest importance to all thinking people. G.H.R.Parkinson S.G.Shanker Notes on contributors Alan C.Bowen is the Director of the Institute for Research in Classical Philosophy and Science (Princeton). He has published numerous articles on the history of ancient science and is currently writing a book, Greco- Latin Planetary Theory before Ptolemy: History and Historiography. Alan Code is Nicholas C.Petris Professor of Greek Studies at the University of California at Berkeley. Until recently he was O’Donnell Professor of Philosophy at the Ohio State University. He is the author of many articles on Aristotle’s metaphysics, logic, philosophy of mind and philosophy of nature. Roger Crisp is Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy at St Anne’s College Oxford. He is the editor of Utilitas. In addition to articles on Aristotle, and contributions to modern problems in moral philosophy, he has published Mill on Utilitarianism (Routledge, 1997), and is translating Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics for Cambridge University Press’s History of Philosophy series. Eyjólfur K.Emilsson received his PhD degree from Princeton University, and then became a Fellow in the Institute of Philosophy at the University of Iceland. He now teaches in the Philosophy Department of the University of Oslo. His book Plotinus on Sense-Perception: A Philosophical Study was published by Cambridge University Press in 1988. Stephen Everson is the author of Aristotle on Perception (1997), as well as articles on Aristotle and Epicurus. He is currently a member of the Department of Philosophy at the University of Michigan. Michael Frede is Professor of Ancient Philosophy at the University of Oxford. He is the author of Die stoische Logik (1974), Galen: Three Treatises on the Nature of Science (1985) and Essays in Ancient Philosophy (1987), and has published many other papers on ancient philosophy and medicine. David Furley is Professor of Classics, Emeritus, at Princeton University, and an Honorary Fellow of Jesus College Cambridge. He is the author of Two Studies in the Greek Atomists (1967), The Greek Cosmologists vol.