ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF URBAN WATER GOVERNANCE This handbook provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of urban water governance. Of the many growing challenges presented by rapid urbanisation, water governance is a critical one and while urban water governance is now regarded as a critical field of research, the literature is fragmented. For the first time, this handbook brings together urban water governance research, containing interdisciplinary contributions from established and emerging scholars, practitioners, and policymakers. It addresses the key questions of how urban water governance works, how is it shaped, and what the impacts are. The handbook’s structure offers a progressive entry into the complexity of urban water governance. Starting with technical dimensions, the handbook addresses supply and demand, wastewater, and sanitation. It then considers regulation and economic factors, examining water utilities and services. Political processes, and the actors involved, are addressed and the handbook finishes with a part focusing on governance and sustainability, where chapters address critically important topics such as access to water, water safety, and water security. This handbook is essential reading for students, scholars, and professionals interested in urban water governance, urban studies, and water resource management and sustainability more broadly. Thomas Bolognesi is a researcher at the Geneva School of Business Administration, HES-SO. His research investigates the processes of social-ecological systems evolution, emphasizing non- linearities and patterns diversity. He combines economics and public policy analysis to study the organization and effects of urban water services regulation, the development of water policy regimes, and water security. Francisco Silva Pinto is an Assistant Professor at Lusofona University (LU) and researcher at EIGeS, FE-LU, and CERIS, IST-UL. His research interests cover the application of numerical modelling and analytics to support decision making in governance, pricing, and finance of utilities (mainly water supply, wastewater, and waste) under critical socio-economic and environmental situations. Megan Farrelly is an Associate Professor in the School of Social Sciences at Monash University. Her research explores the intersection of urban water governance and sustainability transitions, focusing on processes and pathways for delivering practical and socio-institutional change towards sustainable urban transformations. ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF URBAN WATER GOVERNANCE Edited by Thomas Bolognesi, Francisco Silva Pinto and Megan Farrelly Cover image: Getty Images First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Thomas Bolognesi, Francisco Silva Pinto, Megan Farrelly; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Thomas Bolognesi, Francisco Silva Pinto, and Megan Farrelly to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-367-52353-4 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-52354-1 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-05757-4 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003057574 Typeset in Bembo by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India CONTENTS Contributors viii Urban water governance: Approaching a pressing environmental and social challenge 1 Thomas Bolognesi, Megan Farrelly, and Francisco Silva Pinto PART I Technical and historical aspects of Water supply systems 15 1 Urban water cycle and services: An integrative perspective 17 Francisco Silva Pinto, Thomas Bolognesi, and Christopher Gasson 2 Traditional systems of drinking water delivery: Technical aspects and sources 34 Raziyeh Farmani and Chris Sweetapple 3 Hybrid water supply systems: Resilience and implementability 44 Casey Furlong, Ryan Brotchie, Peter Morison, Lindsey Brown, and Greg Finlayson 4 Urban water supply and life cycle assessment 64 Zepon Tarpani and Gallego Schmid 5 Modelling Urban Water Infrastructure Renewal 78 Yves Le Gat 6 Territories and technologies: History and current trends of their interaction in urban water services 103 Bernard Barraqué v Contents PART II Technical and historical aspects of wastewater systems 117 7 Conventional systems for urban sanitation and wastewater management in middle- and high-income countries 119 Jenifer R. McConville 8 Sanitation systems: Are hybrid systems sustainable or does winner takes all? 134 Max Maurer 9 Management of Urban Drainage Infrastructure 145 Nelson Carriço, Maria do Céu Almeida, and João Paulo Leitão 10 History of technological change in urban wastewater management, 1830–2010 163 Jonas Hallström and Martin V. Melosi PART III Regulation and economic perspectives 173 11 Institutional perspectives on water services 175 Sylvain Barone and Pierre-Louis Mayaux 12 Fragmentation in Urban Water Governance: Navigating Legal and Normative Modalities 188 Lee Godden 13 Revisiting the theory on the regulation of water utilities: Evolution, challenges, and trends 204 Rui Cunha Marques 14 Trends and comparisons of outcomes between public and privately owned utilities 216 Germà Bel 15 Institutional, economic, and spatial barriers to water services delivery in urban slums and informal settlements 227 Ellis A. Adams and William F. Vásquez PART IV Political processes 241 16 Actor networks in urban water governance 243 Manuel Fischer, Karin Ingold, Mert Duygan, Liliane Manny, and Katrin Pakizer vi Contents 17 Policy transfer in urban water management: Evidence from ten BEGIN cities 257 Jannes Willems, Ellen Minkman, William Veerbeek, Richard Ashley, and Arwin van Buuren 18 Rethinking urban water governance and infrastructure in Europe: Challenges and opportunities of regionalization and organizational autonomy 272 Eva Lieberherr, Frank Hüesker, and Katrin Pakizer 19 Sustainability transitions in urban water management: Assessing the robustness of institutional arrangements 284 Aaron Deslatte, Margaret Garcia, Elizabeth A. Koebele, and John M. Anderies PART V Urban water governance and sustainability 297 20 Urban metabolism and Water Sensitive Cities governance: Designing and evaluating water-secure, resilient, sustainable, liveable cities 299 Steven J. Kenway, Marguerite Renouf, J. Allan, KMN Islam, N. Tarakemehzadeh, M. Moravej, B. Sochacka, and M. Surendran 21 Leveraging artificial intelligence in addressing water safety challenges 316 Xu Wang 22 Political ecologies of urban water governance 331 Julian S. Yates, Marc Tadaki, and Cristy Clark 23 Territorial integration and innovation for good urban water governance 345 Susana Neto 24 Urban water security 357 Joost Buurman 25 Urban water quality and chemical pollution: New emerging contaminants, nanomaterials, and microplastics 374 Serge Stoll and Stéphan Ramseier Gentile Index 387 vii CONTRIBUTORS Christopher Gasson is an authority on water finance and markets. After obtaining a degree in politics and economics at Oxford University, he worked as a financial journalist and investment banker before acquiring Global Water Intelligence in 2002. Raziyeh Farmani (ORCID: 0000-0001-8148-0488) is an Associate Professor of Water Engineering and Industrial Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering at the Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter (UK). She is the Chair of IWA’s Intermittent Water Supply Specialist Group. She specialises in urban water systems modelling, asset management, water resources management, many-objective optimisation, uncertainty and risk assessment, and deci- sion aid. Her research interests cover the interdisciplinary field of hydroinformatics, including artificial intelligence (AI), data mining, and optimisation techniques and their application for real-time control for smart water systems, asset deterioration modelling and management of water supply and distribution systems, leakage management, energy management, and sustain- ability and resilience issues. Chris Sweetapple (ORCID: 0000-0002-9329-5367) is a Research Fellow at the Centre for Water Systems, University of Exeter (UK). His interests lie broadly in improving the resilience and sustainability of urban water systems and, in particular, the development of tools that can inform the design and implementation of interventions. Casey Furlong (ORCID: 0000-0003-0594-1179) has a decade of experience in water secu- rity and urban livability. His employment has spanned water utilities, government, consult- ing, and academia. He has published extensively on various topics related to Integrated Water Management, including decision making for alternative water source projects and water sector support for urban greening and cooling. Ryan Brotchie (ORCID: 0000-0002-5903-2360) is a water strategy consultant with GHD in Melbourne. He is passionate about developing sustainable water solutions and helping the water industry plan for future uncertainty and adapt to climate change. He has particular experience in multidisciplinary and multi-stakeholder strategic planning and advisory projects across the whole water cycle as well as across Australia and overseas. viii Contributors Greg Finlayson (ORCID: 0000-0002-5468-0545) has more than 30 years of experience in the water sector. As a water treatment and desalination specialist, he has held senior technical and commercial roles on a number of large PPPs and DBOs, including a central role in the Victorian Desalination Project. He is now focused on leading strategic planning and integrated water management in the water industry. Peter Morison (ORCID: 0000-0003-2715-9911) is an environmental and social scientist with over 25 years of experience working in water services, natural resource management, local gov- ernance, and as a consultant to various government organisations. He maintains collaborative research as a Senior Fellow at the University of Melbourne’s School of Ecosystem and Forest Services. Lindsey Brown (ORCID: 0000-0003-0420-2542) is a water industry strategist specialising in urban water management and industry modernisation. With experience spanning three con- tinents, her passions for collaborative leadership, governance, and stakeholder engagement see her involved in important conversations across the Australian water industry on how it can continue to evolve to meet the needs of current and future generations while delivering best value. She is a renowned commentator and speaker on industry issues and trends, particularly relating to ESG. Raphael Ricardo Zepon Tarpani (ORCID: 0000-0001-6774-458X) has a PhD in chemical engineering from the University of Manchester (UK). Research interests are related to water supply, circular economy, food–energy–water nexus, and life cycle sustainability assessment. Alejandro Gallego Schmid (ORCID: 0000-0002-0583-2143) works as a Senior Lecturer in Circular Economy and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment at the University of Manchester (UK). Research interests are related to the circular economy, renewable energy, climate change, informal waste sector, digitalisation, and life cycle sustainability assessment. Yves Le Gat is a civil engineer and PhD researcher at the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment. He has been involved since 1995 in applied research works, in the domain of water infrastructure asset management, and in mobilizing approaches that combine reliability engineering with probability theory and statistics. Bernard O. Barraqué (ORCID: 0000-0003-4638-3708) is a civil engineer with a PhD in urban socioeconomic issues from the University of Paris. After working as a consultant in urban environmental policies, he turned to teaching and research, increasingly focusing on water poli- cies in Europe (resources allocation, urban water). He is CNRS research director (emeritus) at the Centre International de Recherches sur l’Environnement et le Développement (CIRED). Jennifer R. McConville (ORCID: 0000-0003-0373-685X) is an Associate Professor at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. She teaches and undertakes research on design, planning, and decision-making processes for sanitation systems, with a special focus on sustain- ability assessments and resource recovery. Max Maurer (ORCID: 0000-0002-5326-6035) is Professor of Urban Water Systems at ETH Zürich in Switzerland, and heads the department of urban water management at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) in Dübendorf, Switzerland. Nelson Carriço (ORCID: 0000-0002-2474-7665) is a water resources engineer and holds a PhD in civil engineering from the University of Lisbon, Portugal. He is an assistant professor at the Portuguese Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal where he lectures on urban hydraulics. His ix