ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN POLITICS This Handbook provides a comprehensive analysis of the major themes that have defined the politics of Southeast Asia. It offers a comprehensive and cutting-edge examination of this important subject. The introductory chapter provides an overview of the theoretical and ideo- logical themes that have dominated the study of the region’s politics and presents the different ways the complex politics of the region have been understood. The contributions by leading scholars in the field cover a range of broad questions about the dynamics of politics. The Handbook analyses how the dominant political and social coalitions of the region were forged in the Cold War era, and assesses the complex processes of transition towards various forms of democratic politics. It discusses how institutions and systems of governance are being forged in an increasingly global environment and whether civil society in Southeast Asia has reallyevolvedasanindependentsphereofsocialandpoliticalactivity.TheHandbookexamines how national governments are dealing with growing tensions within the region as matters such as labour, human rights and the environment spill beyond national boundaries, and how they are establishing a place in the new global framework. By engaging the Southeast Asian experience more firmly with larger debates about modern political systems, the Handbook is an essential reference tool for students and scholars of Political Science and Southeast Asian studies. Richard Robison is Emeritus Professor at the Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Australia. Hisresearch is concerned withthe political economy and the politics ofmarkets with aspecialfocusonIndonesia.HeistheauthorandeditorofmanypublicationsonSoutheastand East Asian Politics, including Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets (co-authored with Vedi Hadiz, 2004), also published by Routledge. ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN POLITICS Edited by Richard Robison Firstpublished2012 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2012RichardRobison Therightoftheeditortobeidentifiedastheauthoroftheeditorialmaterial,andofthe authorsfortheirindividualchapters,hasbeenassertedinaccordancewithsections77and78 oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedinany formorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented, includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,and areusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData RoutledgehandbookofSoutheastAsianpolitics/editedbyRichardRobison. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1.SoutheastAsia–Politicsandgovernment–1945-I.Robison,Richard,1943- DS526.7.R682011 320.959–dc23 2011022318 ISBN:978-0-415-49427-4(hbk) ISBN:978-0-203-15501-1(ebk) TypesetinBembo byTaylor&FrancisBooks CONTENTS List of tables viii List of contributors ix Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 Richard Robison 1 Interpreting the politics of Southeast Asia: debates in parallel universes 5 Richard Robison SECTIONI The changing landscape of power 23 2 Southeast Asia: The Left and the rise of bourgeois opposition 25 Kevin Hewison and Garry Rodan 3 Labour politics in Southeast Asia: the Philippines in comparative perspective 40 Jane Hutchison 4 Oligarchs and oligarchy in Southeast Asia 53 Jeffrey A. Winters SECTIONII States and regimes 69 5 Democracy and money politics: the case of Indonesia 71 Vedi R. Hadiz 6 Populist challenge to the establishment: Thaksin Shinawatra and the transformation of Thai politics 83 Pasuk Phongpaichit and Chris Baker v Contents 7 Patronage-based parties and the democratic deficit in the Philippines: origins, evolution, and the imperatives of reform 97 Paul D. Hutchcroft and Joel Rocamora 8 Consultative authoritarianism and regime change analysis: implications of the Singapore case 120 Garry Rodan 9 Vietnam: the ruling Communist Party and the incubation of ‘new’ political forces 135 Martin Gainsborough SECTIONIII Markets and governance 149 10 Politics, institutions and performance: explaining growth variation in East Asia 151 Richard Doner 11 Donors, neo-liberalism and country ownership in Southeast Asia 174 Andrew Rosser 12 The judicialization of market regulation in Southeast Asia 186 John Gillespie 13 Global capitalism, the middle class and the shape of the new mega cities of the region 199 Chua Beng Huat SECTIONIV Civil society and participation 211 14 The limits of civil society: social movements and political parties in Southeast Asia 213 Edward Aspinall and Meredith L. Weiss 15 Decentralization and democracy in Indonesia: strengthening citizenship or regional elites? 229 Henk Schulte Nordholt 16 The post-authoritarian politics of agrarian and forest reform in Indonesia 242 John McCarthy and Moira Moeliono vi Contents SECTIONV Violence and state authority 261 17 Tackling the legacies of violence and conflict: liberal institutions and contentious politics in Cambodia and East Timor 263 Caroline Hughes 18 Testing the boundaries of the state: gangs, militias, vigilantes and violent entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia 288 Ian Wilson SECTIONVI The region and the world 303 19 Contested borders, contested boundaries: the politics of labour migration in Southeast Asia 305 Michele Ford 20 Trade policy in Southeast Asia: politics, domestic interests and the forging of new accommodations in the regional and global economy 315 Helen E.S. Nesadurai 21 Southeast Asian perceptions of American power 330 Natasha Hamilton-Hart 22 State power, social conflicts and security policy in Southeast Asia 346 Lee Jones Index 361 vii LIST OF TABLES 8.1 Single and multiple categorisation of NMPs by sector 128 9.1 Trends in public sector employment, 1995–2008 144 10.1 Income groups: East Asia 153 10.2 East Asian export of goods and services as percentage of GDP 153 viii CONTRIBUTORS Editor Richard Robison is Emeritus Professor at the Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University, Australia.Hisresearchisconcernedwiththepoliticaleconomyandthepoliticsofmarketswitha special focus on Indonesia. He is the author and editor of many publications on Southeast and East Asian politics, including Reorganising Power in Indonesia: The Politics of Oligarchy in an Age of Markets (co-authored with Vedi R. Hadiz, 2004), also published by Routledge. Editorial Board Richard Doner, Emory University, USA Jeffrey A. Winters, Northwestern University, USA Kevin Hewison, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA Chua Beng Huat, National University of Singapore Pasuk Phongpaichit, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Vedi R. Hadiz, Murdoch University, Australia Edward Aspinall, Australian National University John Sidel, London School of Economics, UK Meredith L. Weiss, University of Albany, USA Contributors EdwardAspinallisaSeniorFellowintheDepartmentofPoliticalandSocialChange,College ofAsiaandthePacific,AustralianNationalUniversity,Canberra.HisresearchfocusesonIndonesian politics and on issues of democratization, nationalism and ethnic politics. His publications include Islam and Nation: Separatist Rebellion in Aceh, Indonesia (Stanford University Press, 2009). Chris Baker is an independent scholar and long resident in Thailand, who writes on Thai history and politics. Together with Pasuk Phongpaichit he has written A History of Thailand (Cambridge University Press, 2005) and Thaksin (Silkworm Books, second expanded edition 2009),andrecentlypublishedatranslationoftheThaiepic,TheTaleofKhunChangKhunPhaen (Silkworm Books, 2010). Chua Beng Huat is Provost Professor and Head, Department of Sociology, National Uni- versity of Singapore. His recent research is on Singapore politics and on the regionalization of ix Contributors pop culture in East Asia. He is a founding co-executive editor of the Inter-Asia Cultural Studies journal. His publications include, as editor, Elections as Popular Culture in Asia (Routledge, 2007). Richard Doner is Professor in the Department of Political Science at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, USA. His research is on the political economy of economic development in Southeast Asia, with special emphasis on the roles and origins of institutions. His publications include The Politics of Uneven Development: Thailand’s Economic Growth in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge University Press, 2009). Michele Ford is Associate Professor in the Department of Indonesian Studies at the Uni- versityofSydney,Australia.HerresearchinterestsfocusonsocialactivisminSoutheastAsiaand the Indonesia–Singapore borderlands. Michele’s publications include Workers and Intellectuals: NGOs, Unions and the Indonesian Labour Movement (NUS/Hawaii/KITLV 2009). Martin Gainsborough is Reader in Development Politics in the School of Sociology, Politics and International Studies at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom. His research is on the politics of development, with an area specialism on Southeast Asia, and expertise on state theory, governance and corruption. His publications include Vietnam: Rethinking the State (Zed Books, 2010). John Gillespie is Professor of Law and Director of the Asia Pacific Business Regulation Group, Department of Business Law and Taxation, Monash University. His current research focuses on non-state regulation of land and markets as well as law and development in socialist EastAsia.HismostrecentbookisLawandDevelopmentandtheGlobalDiscoursesofLegalTransfers (with Pip Nicholson, eds, Cambridge University Press, 2012). Vedi R. Hadiz is Professor of Asian Societies and Politics at the Asia Research Centre, Murdoch University and an Australian Research Council Future Fellow. He is currently researching the political economy of Islamic populism. His most recent book is Localising Power in Post-Authoritarian Indonesia: A Southeast Asia Perspective (Stanford University Press, 2010). Natasha Hamilton-Hart is an Associate Professor at the University of Auckland Business School. Her research is in the fields of political economy and international relations, with a particularfocusonSoutheastAsia.SheistheauthorofHardInterests,SoftIllusions:SoutheastAsia and American Power, forthcoming with Cornell University Press. Kevin Hewison is Professor in the Department of Asian Studies and Director of the Car- olinaAsiaCenter attheUniversityofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill.Hiscurrentresearch ison precarious work in Asia andthe political economy of Thailand. He isco-editor of the Journal of Contemporary Asia. Caroline Hughes is Director of the Asia Research Centre and Associate Professor of Governance Studies in the School of Social Sciences and Humanities at Murdoch University. Her research interests focus ontwo related questions: the politics of post-colonial state-building in Southeast Asia; and the politics of post-conflict reconstruction and international aid policy. Her publications include Dependent Communities: Aid and Politics in Cambodia and East Timor (Cornell SEAP, 2009). x