Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism Almostallstates areeitherfederal orregionalized insomesense.It isdifficultto findastatethat is entirely unitary and the Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism necessarily takes in almost the entire world. Both federalism and regionalism have been subjects of a vast academic literature mainly from political science but sometimes also from history, economics and geo- graphy. This cutting-edge examination seeks to evaluate the two types of state organization from the perspective of political science, producing a work that is analytical rather than simply descriptive. TheHandbookpresentssomeofthelatesttheoreticalreflectionsonregionalismandfederalism and then moves on to discuss cases of both regionalism and federalism in key countries chosen from the world’s macro-regions. Assembling this wide range of case studies allows the book to present a general picture of current trends in territorial governance. The final chapters then examinefailedfederationssuchasCzechoslovakiaandexamplesoftransnationalregionalism–the European Union, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the African Union. Coveringevolving forms offederalism and regionalism in allparts ofthe worldandfeaturing a comprehensive range of case studies by leading international scholars, this work will be an essential reference source for all students and scholars of international politics, comparative politics and international relations. John Loughlin is a Professor and Fellow of St Edmund’s College, Cambridge, and a Senior Fellow and Affiliated Lecturer in the Department of Politics and International Studies in the University of Cambridge. John Kincaid is the Robert B. and Helen S. Meyner Professor of Government and Public Service and Director of the Meyner Center for the Study of State and Local Government at Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, USA. WilfriedSwendenisaSeniorLecturerinPoliticsattheSchoolofSocialandPoliticalScience, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. This Page intentionally left blank Routledge Handbook of Regionalism and Federalism Edited by John Loughlin, John Kincaid and Wilfried Swenden Firstpublished2013 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN SimultaneouslypublishedintheUSAandCanada byRoutledge 711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2013selectionandeditorialmatterJohnLoughlin,JohnKincaidandWilfriedSwenden, contributors,theircontributions TherightofJohnLoughlin,JohnKincaidandWilfriedSwendentobeidentifiedaseditorsof thisworkhasbeenassertedbytheminaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatent Act1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilizedinany formorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented, includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageorretrievalsystem, withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregisteredtrademarks,and areusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Routledgehandbookofregionalismandfederalism/editedbyJohnLoughlin,JohnKincaid andWilfriedSwenden. p.cm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1.Regionalism.2.Federalgovernment.I.Loughlin,John,1948– JF197.R682013 320.4'049–dc23 2012036633 ISBN:978-0-415-56621-6(hbk) ISBN:978-0-203-39597-4(ebk) TypesetinBembo byTaylor&FrancisBooks Contents List of illustrations ix List of contributors xi Preface and acknowledgements xiv PARTI Theoretical and comparative approaches to federalism and regionalism 1 1 Reconfiguring the nation-state: hybridity vs. uniformity 3 John Loughlin 2 Typologies of federalism 19 Ronald L. Watts 3 Plurinational federalism and political theory 34 Ferran Requejo 4 The penumbra of federalism: a conceptual reappraisal of federalism, federation, confederation and federal political systems 45 Michael Burgess 5 Territorial strategies for managing plurinational states 61 Wilfried Swenden 6 Federalism, regionalism and the dynamics of party politics 76 Eve Hepburn and Klaus Detterbeck 7 Fiscal federalism and the political economy of territorial finance 93 Anwar Shah 8 Federalism and public policy: do federalism, regionalism and hybridity make any difference? Evidence from environmental policy 116 Sonja Wälti v Contents 9 The ‘new regionalism’ and the politics of the regional question 130 John Agnew 10 Economic regionalism in federal and hybrid systems of government 140 Pieter van Houten PARTII Case studies by region: North America 155 11 The United States of America: from dualistic simplicity to centralized complexity 157 John Kincaid 12 Canada: Federal adaptation and the limits of hybridity 172 James Bickerton and Alain-G. Gagnon 13 Mexico: from centralized authoritarianism to disarticulated democracy? 190 Steven T. Wuhs Case studies by region: Europe 209 14 The Belgian Federation: a labyrinth state 211 Kris Deschouwer 15 Germany: federalism under unitary pressure 223 Arthur Benz and Jörg Broschek 16 Austria: a federal, a decentralized unitary or a ‘hybrid’ state? Relations between the welfare state and the federal state after 1945 235 Franz Fallend 17 Switzerland: Europe’s first federation 248 Paolo Dardanelli 18 Russia: Involuted federalism and segmented regionalism 259 Richard Sakwa 19 Spain: the autonomic state 273 Francesc Morata 20 Italy: between the hybrid state and Europe’s federalizing process 287 Beniamino Caravita vi Contents 21 Sweden: federalism in the land of centrally guided regionalization 302 Niklas Eklund 22 Devolution in the United Kingdom 317 Charlie Jeffery 23 Poland: creeping regionalization of the unitary state 331 Paweł Swianiewicz 24 France: from the ‘one and indivisible republic’ to the decentralized unitary state 341 John Loughlin Case studies by region: Asia 351 25 India: a hybrid federal-unitary state? 353 Rekha Saxena 26 Assessing hybridity in the People’s Republic of China: the impact of post-Mao decentralization 371 Susan J. Henders Case studies by region: Asia-Pacific 387 27 Australia: an ‘integrated’ federation? 389 Cheryl Saunders 28 Indonesia: arbitrary polity, unitary state 401 Damien Kingsbury Case studies by region: Africa 413 29 Nigeria: a centralizing federation 415 Rotimi T. Suberu 30 Federalism in Ethiopia: hybridity in ambiguity? 428 Sarah Vaughan 31 South Africa: the reluctant hybrid federal state 442 Nico Steytler Case studies by region: Latin America 455 32 Brazil: from ‘isolated’ federalism to hybridity 457 Celina Souza vii Contents 33 Tensions between centralization and decentralization in the Argentine federation 471 Lucas González 34 The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: an empty constitutional federation? 481 Christi Rangel Guerrero Case studies by region: Middle East 497 35 Lebanon: the hybridity of a confessional state 499 Michael Kerr and Amal Hamdan PARTIII Failed federations 511 36 ‘Federalizing the federation’: the failure of the Yugoslav experiment 513 Florian Bieber 37 Czechoslovakia: a peaceful disintegration 527 Michal Illner PARTIV Transnationalism regionalism 545 38 Federalism and the European Union 547 Simona Piattoni 39 The North American Free Trade Agreement: the limits of integration 559 Douglas M. Brown 40 African Union: from practical federalism to fantasy union 573 Thomas Kwasi Tieku Index 584 viii Illustrations Figures 6.1 State-wide party positions on ideology and decentralization, 1970s 79 6.2 State-wide party positions on ideology and decentralization, 2000s 80 6.3 Typology of multi-level party organizations 85 11.1 Federal grants-in-aid to state and local governments for social welfare and other public purposes in billions of constant (FY 2005) dollars, 1940–2017 165 12.1 Party systems in Canada, 1945–2011 176 13.1 Political map of Mexico 191 13.2 Fiscal decentralization in Mexico, 1995–2010 199 13.3 Expansion and contraction of participaciones in selected states, 1995–2010 199 13.4 Declining budget share toward state and municipal spending, 1995–2010 200 13.5 Proportion of municipal elections won by PRI, PAN and PRD, 1990–2010 203 13.6 Vote share for Mexico’s Chamber of Deputies, 1970–2012 205 23.1 GDP per capita in Polish regions, 2007 334 23.2 Unemployment rate in Polish regions, September 2011 335 Tables 1.1 The changing paradigm in regional policy and territorial governance 15 4.1 Federal democracies 56 5.1 Varieties of territorial management in the context of a plurinational state 63 7.1 Trends in multi-order governance structure: 20th century versus 21st century 100 7.2 Assignment of resource taxes: ideal vs. practice in Brazil and Canada 102 7.3 Resource ownership and resource revenue sharing mechanisms in selected countries 103 7.4 Features of fiscal equalization transfers in selected countries 108 12.1 Evolution of the constitutional system since 1867 174 13.1 Distribution of state GDP across economic sector, 2010 192 13.2 Effective federalism in Mexico, 2012 201 13.3 Governance in selected Mexican states 202 14.1 The distribution of the competences in federal Belgium after the constitutional agreement of 2011 216 15.1 Political, geographic, social and economic indicators 226 15.2 Federalism, political parties and party systems in Germany 232 16.1 Territorial distribution of tax revenues, 1956–2008 239 ix