R o o k le d g e ’s INTERNATIONAL T Y P E - FINDER THE ESSENTIAL HANDBOOK OF TYPEFACE RECOGNITION AND SELECTION CHRISTOPHER PERFECT & GORDON ROOKLEDGE FREDERIC C. BEIL NEW YORK CONTENTS Acknowledgements 6 Preface by Herbert Spencer 7 Introduction_______ 9 Part One: Text Typefaces Explanation of Categories ------- 12 1. Sloping e-Bar (Venetian Serif)____________________ ______________ - ---------------------- 15 2. Angles Stress/Oblique Serifs (Old Style Serif)__________ ______________25 3. Vertical Stress/Oblique Serifs (Transitional Serif)________________________ _____31 4. Vertical Stress/Straight Serifs (New Transitional Serif)_____________ ____________45 5. Abrupt Contrast/Straight Serifs (Modern Serif)_______________ 55 6. Slab Serif - --------------- -------------- ------------------------------------------------------------65 7. Wedge Serif (Hybrid Serif)----------------.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------—-—-—-— ------------73 8. Sans Serif ---------------------------- 81 ‘Earmark’Tables __ _ ---------------- — -------------------- — -----------------------------------------------9^ Part Two: Decorative (Non-Continuous Text) Typefaces Explanation of Categories------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------— ---------------* ^ 1. Flowing Scripts---------------—--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------— —-------------------1 ^ 9 2. Non-Flowing Scripts (including Blackletter & Uncial)------------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------165 3. Unmodified (Formal Text Shape)-------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- 4. Fat & Thin Face (Modified & Unmodified)--------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- 195 5. Ornamental-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22' 6. Modified Serif________________________ - --------------------------------------------229 7. Modified Sans Serif 239 8. Modified Outrageous 257 A .. ________________ 266 Appendix 268 Bibliography 269 Index of Typefaces © 1983 Christopher Perfect/Gordon Rookledge First published in the United States of America in 1983 by Frederic C. Beil, Publisher, Inc 321 East 43rd Street New York, N.Y. 10017 LCC 83-72241 ISBN 0-913720-45-3 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means graphic electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping or information storage and retrieval systems - without written permission of the publisher. Great care has been taken throughout this book to ensure accuracy, but the publishers cannot accept responsibility for errors which may occur. Design and artwork by The Perfect Design Company Limited. Print Production by Gavin Martin Limited and Brian Thompson. Text Setting by Text Filmsetters Limited, Orpington, Kent. Printed by The Anchor Press, Tiptree, Colchester, Essex and bound by William Brendon. Acknowledgements We are indebted to the principal collaborators who helped formulate the content of this book: Eiichi Kono MA (RCA) MSTD and Alfred Lubran FRSA. Without their considerable efforts and skill its publication would not have been possible. Our thanks are also due to the staff of The Perfect Design Company Limited, especially Fiona Barton and Matthew Kirby, as well as Leslie Carvalho and Andrew Bennett for their painstaking skills in the preparation of the artwork; to the staff of Gavin Martin Limited and Brian Thompson for print production; to Mel Hobbs and his staff at Text Filmsetters for supplying a large percentage of the typeface specimens and for getting the most out of a Linotron 202 typesetting machine. Also to the following companies and individuals who supplied typeface specimens and information: Alphabet Limited, Apex Typesetting Limited, Apex Photosetting Limited, H. Berthold AG, Character Photosetting Limited, Diagraphic Typesetters Limited, Face Ronchetti Limited, Filmcomposition, Linotype-Paul Limited, Margaret Calvert, The Monotype Corporation, Pinnacle Phototype Limited and Stempel Haas. CHRISTOPHER PERFECT. GORDON ROOKLEDGE, 1983. PREFACE by Herbert Spencer rdi DrRCA A S WITH OTHER inspired innovations - such as the safety pin, the paper clip, the zip-fastener, and the bail-point pen - now that Rookledge’s International Typefinder is here one wonders how it i was possible to function for so long without it. Though it may lack the universal significance of some of the other innovations I mentioned, for the graphic designer and typographer this publication is without doubt a real milestone. Fundamental changes in printing technology and the rapid development of alternative media for distributing ideas and information during the past twenty-five years have released a torrent of new type designs-some good, a few excellent, and, inevitably, many bad. This book will be used, first, as an invaluable working tool enabling the designer quickly to identify and to select particular typefaces for his immediate purposes. However, for the student this publication will serve another-and, in the long term, perhaps an even more important-function: by highlighting and indicating the essential characteristics of each typeface shown it will educate the user to distinguish between good and bad designs, between sound and sloppy solutions, between the imaginative and the merely perverse - in fact, to separate the grain from the chaff. And for that the publisher and editor will deserve the gratitude of all readers as well as of all designers. This typefinder, then, is a publication of major importance. The task of assembling and arranging the enormous number of specimens it contains must have been a daunting one. It was Gordon Rookledge who recognised the need for such a book and it is due to his enthusiasm, persistence and tenacity that the idea has become a reality. Christopher Perfect has worked with exceptional editorial dedication and design skill to define and evolve the original concept for this book, and, in collaboration with Eiichi Kono, to bring the project to fruition. Both of them, publisher and editor, are to be congratulated on having fashioned not just a tool but a powerful weapon in the fight for better, more effective, typography. INTRODUCTION The recognition and selection of typefaces is a regular everyday task for the practising graphic designer and typographer. Yet, up until now, no single reference source has been available to assist in these processes. This book has been produced especially to fill this gap, serving as an invaluable working tool for everyone who works with type. It is the editor’s experience that other than expert or highly-experienced typographers, the majority of creative people have difficulty in recognising and identifying individual typefaces. Therefore, the primary purpose of the book is to satisfy this need and simplify this essential task as fully as possible. A secondary purpose is to help in the process of typeface selection. The graphic designer often has difficulty in obtaining good, comprehensive reference material despite an abundance of typefounders’ and typesetters’ catalogues. It is the aim of this book to make this job easier and to contribute to the educational experience in the process. This book is divided into two parts, Text and Decorative (non-continuous text) typefaces. The classification system used in each part is entirely new and does not follow previous established type classifications. The typefaces selected were all available at the time of compilation of the book and all the major international typefounders’ current lists were consulted so as to make the choice as comprehensive as possible. Readers should note that ‘bastard’ versions of well-known typefaces have not been included but are cross-referenced in the index. The possible number of Decorative typefaces is endless so, with limited space, selection has been confined to a cross-section of the more commonly-used designs. (NB. It is not the purpose of this book to act as a complete typeface dictionary or specimen book.) The listings of Text typefaces are all, as far as possible, in the normal weight of type for text setting (i.e. regular roman). It was not the editor’s intention to include the many other variations of one typeface family (e.g. light, bold, italic, condensed etc.) as it is the regular weight which is most commonly used and which establishes the ‘style’ characteristics of a particular typeface. In order to obtain information on the range of different weights and variations of a typeface it is suggested that readers should consult their own typesetters. Whilst the selection and compilation of the typefaces in this book were carried out with great care some may have been omitted which readers feel should be included. Your suggestions, submitted through the publisher, will be welcome. CHRISTOPHER PERFECT GORDON ROOKLEDGE SLOPING E-BAR (VENETIAN SERIF) ANGLED STRESS OBLIQUE SERIFS (OLD STYLE SERIF) VERTICAL STRESS OBLIQUE SERIFS (TRANSITIONAL SERIF) VERTICAL STRESS STRAIGHT SERIFS (NEW TRANSITIONAL) ABRUPT CONTRAST STRAIGHT SERIFS (MODERN SERIF) I I WEDGE SERIF (HYBRID SERIF) SANS SERIF TEXT TYPEFACE SPECIMENS TEXT TYPEFACE CATEGORIES THIS PART OF the book contains typefaces which ascenders of lower case letters. The foot serif on It includes typefaces both of a general serif-style are commonly used for continuous text setting. the lower case d is also oblique. There is a but with only a thickening at the terminals of The characteristic features of each of the eight stronger contrast between the thick and thin letters and sans serif-style typefaces with very typeface categories are described below and are strokes of letters than in Category I. small line serifs on the terminals. It includes other illustrated on the opposite page. groups with wedge-shaped serifs and half serifs. 3. Vertical Stress/Obiique Serifs (NB. Wedge serif-style typefaces with a sloping The classification system used in this (Transitional Serif) Nos. 54-110 bar on the lower case e are to be found in book is entirely new and is based on the grouping of typefaces according to specific Typefaces in this category have vertical stress (or Category I.) design features. This will sometimes mean nearly so) on the bowls of letters (such as the that typefaces of a similar historical origin fall into lower case o) but still have distinct oblique serifs 8. Sans Serif. Nos. 245-304 different categories. This book, therefore, does on the ascenders. The serif foot of the lower Typefaces with no serifs. Generally, with little or not follow established classifications such as the case d is usually horizontal but sometimes slightly no difference between strokes (i.e. monoline.) British Standards Typeface Nomenclature and oblique. The contrast between the thick and thin These typefaces are primarily divided according Classification System (BS 2961). (NB. a strokes of letters is generally more pronounced to whether the capital G has a spur or not and if it comparison to this can be found in the Appendix than in Category 2. All typefaces have bracketed has, whether it is of a wide, medium or narrow at the back of the book.) serifs. design. The category also includes groups of Each category is further divided into smaller typefaces of a special shape (such as rounded). 4. Vertical Stress/Straight Serifs groups according to more specific design (New Transitional Serif) Nos. 111-150 features which are explained at the beginning of The Typefinding Process All typefaces in this group have a definite vertical each section. Typeface specimens are then stress and serifs are normally all horizontal 1. To identify a typeface, first decide into which arranged alphabetically within each group and (straight). However, a small number have slightly of the main categories shown opposite the have an individual specimen number which is oblique serifs. These typefaces generally have typeface specimen you wish to identify belongs. cross-referenced to both the index and little contrast between the thick and thin strokes ‘Earmark’ Tables starting on p. 97. 2. By using the thumb index on the edge of the and the serifs are usually bracketed. NB. There is a small overlap between the Text page turn to the appropriate category and Decorative parts of the book. For instance, 5. Abrupt Contrast/Straight Serifs introduction page. some Decorative typefaces in special (Modern Serif) Nos. 151-187 3. From the ‘contents’ list given there select the circumstances may be used for continuous text These typefaces feature a strong and abrupt specific group within the category to which your setting and vice-versa. contrast between the thick and thin strokes of specimen relates. Categories I to 5 are all variations of the roman letters and all serifs are horizontal (straight). 4. Read off the specimen numbers given for this serif design and begin with: The overall stress is clearly vertical. Serifs can be group and find them in the following listings of line (unbracketed) or slightly bracketed and typeface specimens. 1. Sloping e-Bar (Venetian Serif). Nos. 1-34 typefaces can vary in colour from light to black Typefaces in this category all have a sloping bar face. 5. Decide which of the typefaces in the group it equates to with the help of asterisks which show on the lower case e. All roman serif typefaces with this feature, plus those which have slab or 6. Slab Serif. Nos. 188-217 letters with special or ‘style’ characteristics. wedge serif characteristics, will be found here. These typefaces are characterised by a generally Generally, these typefaces are of a heavy heavy appearance with thick ‘slab’ serifs often Text Typeface 'Earmark’ Tables appearance and have poor contrast between the same thickness as the main stem of the These will be found at the end of this part of the thick and thin strokes. They usually have oblique letters. Serifs can be square (unbracketed) or book, beginning on p. 97, and offer an alternative ascender serifs. bracketed. (NB. Slab serif style typefaces with a but companion method of identifying Text type­ sloping bar on the lower case e will be found in faces by comparing to ‘earmarks’ or features on 2. Angled Stress/Obiique Serifs Category I.) individual letters. The tables are divided into two (Old Style Serif) Nos 35 53 parts, ‘Common’ and ‘Special Earmarks', and Typefaces in this group are characterised by an 7. Wedge Serif (Hybrid Serif). Nos. 218-240 letters are arranged in a continuous sequence angled stress on the bowls of letters (e.g, the This category contains typefaces which are not from a to z in both capital and lower case forms lower case o) and have oblique serifs on the always clearly serif or sans serif (i.e. hybrids). (plus ampersand and figures.) TEXT TYPEFACE SPECIMENS Type categories Genera/ characteristics I. Sloping e-Bar (Venetian Serif) Nos 1-34 little e-bar sloped angled or oblique oblique lower contrast vertical stress ascender case serif (not always) serif (not foot serif e.g. 6 Kennerley, 19 Centaur, 30ITC Souvenir, e always) 1 d often and 32 Italian Old Style (Monotype). oblique (not always) 2. Angled Stress/Oblique Serifs medium e-bar angled oblique oblique lower (Old Style Serif) Nos35-53 contrast horizontal stress assecreifnder case serif d e.g. 35 Bembo, 39 Plantin, 44 Trump Mediaeval 1 and 53 Times New Roman (Monotype). oblique foot serif 3. Vertical Stress/Oblique Serifs good e-bar stress vertical oblique serifs oblique lower (Transitional Serif) Nos 54-110 contrast horizontal (or nearly so) case serif e.g.6ICaslon 540,78 Baskerville 169 (Monotype), 1 d 92Garamond (Stempel) and 105 Romulus. 4. Vertical Stress/Straight Serifs little e-bar straight serif (New Transitional Serif) contrast horizontal dstraight (isno lmowe eorb cliaqsuee ) serifs (some e.g. 111 Joanna, 119 Century Schoolbook, slightly oblique) 123 Cheltenham, and 138 Melior. 5. Abrupt Contrast/Straight Serifs abrupt e-bar vertical line or bracketed straight serifs straight (Modern Serif) Nos 151-187 contrast horizontal Ossttrreessss sseerriiffss --■■I ....(..........~“I■■ s1seerrififss1 e.g. 153 Bauer Bodoni, 161 Walbaum (Linotype), 174 Caledonia and 185 Scotch Roman. 6. Slab Serif Nos 188-217 -little or square slab serifs bracketed serifs rounded serif no contrast e.g. 197 Rockwell, 203 Schadow Antiqua, 209 Clarendon (Linotype), 1 1 1 single double | I J single double I storey W storey storey storey and 214 ITC American Typewriter. 7. Wedge Serif (Hybrid Serif) Nos 218-240 poor wedge-ended serifs wedge-shaped serifs fine line terminals half serif only e.g. 218 Albertus, 233 Meridien, 236 Copperplate Gothic and 240 Romic. 1 1 I 1 8. Sans Serif Nos 245-304 little or wide medium narrow wide medium narrow special shape no contrast G G G GGG G(rounded) e g 254 Futura, 259 Gill Sans, 267 Univers 55 and 279 Helvetica. no spur spur SLOPING E-BAR (VENETIAN SERIF) I. SLOPING E-BAR (VENETIAN SERIF) Specimen nos Basic characteristics Secondary characteristics 1-5 0 sotne beopwlyl isn ocfli lneettde arsxis e.g. 5 Windsor ||| short 6-12 descenders 0 less steeply inclined axis long serifs e.g. 7 Lavenham (H| 13 - -VJ... sshhoorrtt sdeersicfesnders e.g. 13 Della Robbia | T 14-18 longer descenders •> - weak contrast e.g. l7SchneidlerOld Style /H| 19-21 longer descenders •• - strong contrast e.g. 19 Centaur 22-27 0 vertical axis JrL roman serifs e.g. 25 Lutetia 28-31 r -- JL wedge serifs e.g. 30ITC Souvenir A | | 32 6 roman and slab serifs inclined axis (mixed) e.g. 32 Italian Old Style (Monotype) vertical or slightly 33-34 6 inclined axis ^ slab serifs on ascenders e.g.34JensonOld Style NB. Typefaces in each group are arranged in alphabetical order. 15