LAUER SERIES IN RHETORIC AND COMPOSITION Series Editors: Catherine Hobbs, Patricia Sullivan, Thomas Rickert, and Jennifer Bay LAUER SERIES IN RHETORIC AND COMPOSITION Series Editors: Catherine Hobbs, Patricia Sullivan, Thomas Rickert, and Jennifer Bay The Lauer Series in Rhetoric and Composition honors the contri butions Janice Lauer Hutton has made to the emergence of Rhetoric and Composition as a disciplinary study. It publishes scholarship that carries on Professor Lauer's varied work in the history of written rheto ric, disciplinarity in composition studies, contemporary pedagogical theory, and written literacy theory and research. Other Books in the Series Storieso f Mentoring: Theorya nd Praxis,e dited by Michelle F. Eble and Lynee Lewis Gaillet (2008) Writm Without Borders:W ritinga nd Teachingi n TroubledT imesb y Lynn Z. Bloom (2008) 1977:A CulturalM oment in Compositionb, y Brent Henze, Jack Selzer, and Wendy Sharer (2008) The Promisea nd Perilso f WritingP rogramA dministration, edited by Theresa Enos and Shane Borrowman (2008) UntenuredF acultya s WritingP rogramA dministrators:I nstitutional Practicesa nd Politics,e dited by Debra Frank Dew and Alice Horning (2007) NetworkedP rocessD: issolvingB oundarieso f Procesas nd Post-Procesbs,y Helen Foster (2007) Composinga Community:A Historyo f WritingA crosst he Cu"iculum, edited by Susan H. McLeod and Margot Iris Soven (2006) HistoricalS tudies of WritingP rogramA dministration:I ndividuals, Communities,a nd the Formationo f a Disdpline, edited by Barbara L'Eplattenier and Lisa Mastrangelo (2004). Winner of the WPA Best Book Award for 2004-2005. Rhetorics,P oetics,a nd Cultures:R e.figuringC ollegeE nglishS tudies (Expanded Edition) by James A. Berlin (2003) Roman Rhetoric Revolution and the Greek Influence Revised and Expanded Edition Richard Leo Enos Parlor Press WestL afayette,I ndiana www.parlorpress.com Parlor Press LLC, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906 © 2008 by Parlor Press All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America SA N: 2 5 4 - 8 8 7 9 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Enos, Richard Leo. . Roman rhetoric : revolution and the Greek influence / Richard Leo Enos. -- Rev. and expanded ed. p. cm. -- (Lauer series in rhetoric and composition} Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60235-079-3 (pbk.: alk. paper} -- ISBN 978-1-60235-080-9 (hardcover: alk. paper} -- ISBN 978-1-60235-081-6 (adobe ebook} 1. Rhetoric, Ancient. 2. Latin language--Foreign elements--Greek. 3. Rome--Civilization--Greek influences. 4. Greek language--Influence on Latin. 5. Rome--lntellcctual life. I. Title. PA3265.E56 2008 808'.0471--dc22 2008041909 Cover image: "Cicero Denouncing Catalina Before the Senate" by Cesare Maccari (1840-1819). Wallpainting. Palazzo Madama, Rome, Italy. Scala/ Art Resource. Used by Permission. Title page image: marble bust of a young man of the Julio-Claudian Family. By permission of The Amecrican School of Classical Studies at Athens: Agora Excavations Cover design by David Blakesley. Printed on acid-free paper. Parlor Press, LLC is an independent publisher of scholarly and trade titles in print and multimedia formats. This book is available in paper, hardcover, and Adobe eBook formats from Parlor Press on the World Wide Web at http://www.parlorpress.com or through online and brick-and-mortar bookstores. For submission information or to flnd out about Parlor Press publications, write to Parlor Press, 816 Robinson St., West Lafayette, Indiana, 47906, or e-mail [email protected]. In memory of my Great Aunt Giovanna and my Grandmother Caterina In spiritu humilitatis, et in animo contritos uscipiamur a te, Domine: et sicf iat sacrificiumn ostrum in conspectut uo hodie, ut p/a,ceatt ibi, Domine Deus. Contents Acknowledgments xi Preface xv 1 Etruscan Influences on the Development of Roman Rhetoric and Literature 3 2 Forces Shaping the Transition from Greek to Roman Rhetoric 23 3 Kairosi n the Roman Reception of Greek Rhetoric 38 4 When Rhetoric Was Outlawed in Rome: The Censure of Greek Rhetoric and the Emergence of Roman Declamation 63 5 The "Latinization" of Greek Rhetoric: A Revolution of Attitude 79 6 The "Hellenization" of Marcus Tullius Cicero 106 7 Cicero "Latinizes" Hellenic Ethos 123 8 The Effects of the Roman Revolution on the Rhetorical Tradition of Athens and the Second Sophistic 138 9 A Study of the Roman Patronage of Greek Oratorical and Literary Contests: The Amphiareion of Oropos 152 10 Rhetoric at Rhodes: Greek Rhetoric in a Roman World 164 vii viii Contents 11 Severance and Restraint: Rhetoric in the Greek- Speaking East and the Latin-Speaking West 180 12 Conclusion: The Symbiotic Relationship of Greek Rhetoric and Roman Culture 197 Works Consulted 201 Works Cited 205 Index 213 About the Author 221 Illustrations Figure 1. Ancient Italy. 5 Figure 2. Ancient Etruscan Settlements in Northern Italy. 8 Figure 3. Romanticized Victorian Rendering of Etruscan Warriors. 14 Figure 4. Reproduction of Early Retrograde Etruscan Alphabet. 16 Figure 5. Latin Cursive Alphabet. 17 Figure 6. Comparative Chirographic Alphabets. 18 Figure 7. Southern Italy and Sicily. 27 Figure 8. Southern Italy. 34 Figure 9. The Forum During the Time of the Roman Republic. 40 Figure 10. The Roman Forum in the late Twentieth Century. 41 Figure 11. Rome and Environs. 67 Figure 12. Latinum and Campania. 76 Figure 13. Ancient Sicily. 118 Figure 14. The Dynamics of Ciceronian Ethos. 135 Figure 15. Evidence of Roman Patronage in the Athenian Agora. 143 Figure 16. Model of the Odeion, Phase I, seen from the NW, late 111 Century BCE. 145 Figure 17.N orth Fa~adeo f the Odeion, mid-2nd Century CE, with addition of Giants and Titans. 146 Figure 18. Regulationso f the Libraryo f Pantainos in the Athenian Agora. 147 Figure 19. Greece, the Aegean, and Western Asia Minor. 167 ix