Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament Herausgeber / Editor Jörg Frey (Zürich) Mitherausgeber / Associate Editors Friedrich Avemarie (Marburg) Markus Bockmuehl (Oxford) James A. Kelhoffer (Uppsala) Hans-Josef Klauck (Chicago, IL) 261 John Granger Cook Roman Attitudes Toward the Christians From Claudius to Hadrian Mohr Siebeck John Granger Cook, born 1955; 1976 B.A. in Philosophy, Davidson College; 1979 M.Div., Union Theological Seminary (VA); 1985 Ph.D. at Emory University; Professor of Religion and Philosophy, LaGrange College, LaGrange, GA. e-ISBN PDF 978-3-16-151550-7 ISBN 978-3-16-150954-4 ISSN 0512-1604 (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament) Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbiblio- graphie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Unrevised Paperback Edition 2011. © 2010 Mohr Siebeck Tübingen. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that permitted by copyright law) without the publisher’s written permission. This applies particularly to reproductions, translations, microfilms and storage and processing in electronic systems. The book was printed by Gulde-Druck in Tübingen on non-aging paper and bound by Buchbinderei Spinner in Ottersweier. Greek font TeubnerVerticalU from Linguist’s Soft- ware. Printed in Germany. In memoriam Martin Hengel In honorem Paul J. Achtemeier Acknowledgements The late Prof. Martin Hengel challenged me in the spring of 2006 to write a monograph on the Roman attitudes toward the Christians during the period from the reign of Claudius to that of Hadrian. I spent a lovely week visiting in the Hengels’ home enjoying their hospitality and conversation. Staying in the Protestant theological Stift in Tübingen where David Friedrich Strauss and G. W. F. Hegel had lived and studied was also an unparalleled experience for me. Strauss wrote his life of Jesus there. Martin Luther’s own footprints are somewhere in the Stift from the era when it was an Augustinian monastery and he was a monk on a journey. The Stiftsrepetent, Prof. Volker Henning Drecoll, and the theological editor at Mohr Siebeck, Dr. Henning Ziebritzki, both gave me a warm welcome. I thank a former dean of my college (La- Grange), Jay Simmons, for time off from my semester duties to go to Tübin- gen. Many have helped me along the way. Prof. Hengel gave me much encour- agement when I became discouraged at various times due to the nature of the task before me. Prof. Jörg Frey, the editor of Wissenschaftliche Untersuchun- gen zum Neuen Testament, has also supported my project from the beginning, and I thank him for accepting it in his series. His student, Dr. Stefan Krauter, willingly shared his excellent Habilitationsschrift on Romans 13 and Nero with me before it appeared in print.1 I am grateful to Dr. Georg Siebeck and Dr. Ziebritzki for publishing the book. Matthias Spitzner of Mohr Siebeck has made its production possible. Prof. William Turpin provided me with in- numerable comments on matters of Roman law and read the entire manu- script, supplying me with many useful criticisms. Prof. Steven Friesen has given me much advice concerning inscriptions as has Prof. Werner Eck. The mistakes are my own. Many other professors and research specialists have responded to e-mails with answers to specific questions including Roger Bag- nall, T. D. Barnes, A. J. Boudewijn Sirks, Edward Champlin, Volker Drecoll, Richard Goulet, Marie-Odile Goulet-Cazé, Philip A. Harland, Lieve Van- Hoof, John Kloppenborg, Jennifer Wright Knust, and philosopher Kyoo Lee who helped me with the concept of “othering”. I spent many hours enjoying and using the superb resources of the Pitts Theology library at Emory and 1S. KRAUTER, Studien zu Röm 13,1–7. Paulus und der politische Diskurs der nero- nischen Zeit, WUNT I/243, Tübingen 2009. VIII Acknowledgements those of the Woodruff library there. Librarian and Latinist at LaGrange Col- lege, Dr. Arthur Robinson, has been a wonderful resource at every stage — a man of nearly inexhaustible patience. I am grateful for Prof. Sam Hornsby’s comments on the manuscript. I thank Prof. Vernon Robbins for his willing bibliographical help. Mr. Jay Cardans of Scriba Editorial graciously checked the Latin. Any errors that remain are my own fault. I am thankful that my students in New Testament and early Christianity have been willing to tolerate my interests and to discuss various ideas in this book and give me their feedback. Their energy and enthusiasm provide me with much of my motivation to continue writing. To my wife Barbara, I am grateful for her understanding, love, and support. Reprinted by permission of Princeton University Press: PHARR, Clyde, THE THEODOSIAN CODE AND NOVELS AND THE SERMONDIAN CONSTITUTIONS. © 1952 Clyde Pharr, 1980 renewed in the name of Roy Pharr, executor. Pages 3 & 13-35 © Theresa Sherrer Davidson. Reprinted by permission of Harvard University Press: Apostolic Fathers: Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library Volume 24, ed- ited/translated by B. Ehrman, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 2003 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Aristotle: Volume 22, Loeb Classical Library Volume 193, edited/translated by J. H. Freese, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 1926 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Cicero: Volume 16, Loeb Classical Library Volume 213, edited/translated by C. W. Keyes, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 1928 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Cicero: Volume 19, Loeb Classical Library Volume 268, edited/translated by H. Rackham, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 1933 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Dio Chrysostom: Volume 4, Loeb Classical Library Volume 376, ed- ited/translated by J. W. Cohoon and H. L. Crosby, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 1946 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the Presi- dent and Fellows of Harvard College. Diogenes Laertius: Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library Volume 184, ed- ited/translated by R. D. Hicks, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Acknowledgements IX Press, © 1925 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Eusebius: Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library Volume 153, edited/translated by K. Lake, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 1926 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Horace, Satires, Epistles, Art of Poetry, Volume 2, Loeb Classical Library Volume 194, edited/translated by H. R. Fairclough, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 1929 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the Presi- dent and Fellows of Harvard College. Josephus: Volume 9, Loeb Classical Library Volume 365, edited/translated by L. H. Feldman, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 1971 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Libanius, Selected Orations: Volume I, Loeb Classical Library Volume 451, edited/translated by A. F. Norman, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univer- sity Press, © 1987 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Lucian: Volume 5, Loeb Classical Library Volume 302, edited/translated by A. M. Harmon, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 1936 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Philo: Volume 9, Loeb Classical Library Volume 363, edited/translated by F. H. Colson, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 1985 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Pliny the Younger: Volume 2, Loeb Classical Library Volume 59, ed- ited/translated by B. Radice, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 1975 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Ptolemy, Tetrabiblos, Loeb Classical Library Volume 435, edited/translated by F. E. Robbins, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 1940 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical Library ® is a registered trademark of the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Papyri: Volume 2, Loeb Classical Library Volume 282, edited/translated by A. S. Hunt and C. C. Edgar, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, © 1934 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. Loeb Classical