Roman Alcester Series Volume 1 ROMAN ALCESTER: SOUTHERN EXTRAMURAL AREA 1964-1966 Excavations PART 2: FINDS AND DISCUSSION edited by Stephen Cracknell and Christine Mahany with contributions by Don Bailey, Justine Bayley, Paul Booth, Richard Brickstock, P J Casey, P W Clogg, Sally Cottam, John Crossling, C B Denston, Brenda Dickinson, Jeremy Evans, Rowan Ferguson, Pedro Funari, A J Gouldwell, B R Hartley, K F Hartley, Martin Henig, Frances Lee, Gerda Lindquist, Joan Liversidge, G Lloyd-Morgan, Gerry McDonnell, D F Mackreth, Quita Mould, P J Osborne, Hedley Pengelly, Jennifer Price, Stephanie Ratkai, Val Rigby, V Snetterton-Lewis, A H V Smith, J H Thornton, Roberta Tomber, and D F Williams CBA Research Report 97 Council for British Archaeology 1994 Published 1994 by the Council for British Archaeology Bowes Morrell House, 111 Walmgate, York Y01 2UA Copyright © Authors and Council for British Archaeology All rights reserved British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue for this book is available from the British Library ISSN 0141 7819 ISBN 1 872414 42 7 Typeset from authors’ discs by Archetype, Stow-on-the-Wold Printed in Great Britain at Adpower, Halifax The publishers acknowledge with gratitude a grant from English Heritage towards the publication of this report. Front cover Caravsivs et fratres svi coin Back cover Headstud brooch from site E Contents Listof illustrations.. .............................................................................................................................................. vii List of tables ............................................................................................................................................................ ix List of plates ............................................................................................................................................................. x List of microfiche..................................................................................................................................................... xi Summary ................................................................................................................................................................ xii Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................ XV Introduction to Part 2 .............................................................................................................................................. 1 Romano-British coarse pottery by Frances Lee and Gerda Lindquist,with Jeremy Evans ................................ 3 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................... 3 Classificationof Romano-British coarse pottery............................................................................................. 3 Classificationof localwares.............................................................................................................................. 3 Classificationof non-local and importedwares ............................................................................................... 6 Typology:vessel formand function .................................................................................................................. 8 Discussion ........................................................................................................................................................ 10 corpus .............................................................................................................................................................. 12 Samian ware by B R Hartley, Hedley Pengelly, and Brenda Dickinson ............................................................. 93 Roman amphoraeby D F William s ..................................................................................................................... 120 Dressel 20 titulus pictus by Pedro Funari and D F Williams ..................................................................... 120 Vessels with incised graffiti by Jeremy Evans, Frances Lee, and Gerda Lindquist......................................... 124 Roman pottery: notes........................................................................................................................................... 131 Stampedgrey ware base by Val Rigby......................................................................................................... 131 Petrographyof selected samplesof Severn Valley war e............................................................................. 131 Mortaria by Paul Booth, incorporating notes on the stamps by K F Hartley .................................................... 132 Discussion of thepottery in the context of Roman Alcester by Jeremy Evans................................................. 144 Pottery and ceramic small finds by Rowan Ferguson, with Don Bailey and Jeremy Evans............................ 150 Iron Age sherds from site M by Jeremy Evans................................................................................................... 153 Medieval pottery by Stephanie Ratkai................................................................................................................ 154 Metalartefacts..................................................................................................................................................... 157 Coins by Richard Brickstock and P J Casey ................................................................................................ 157 Copperalloyand iron broochesby D F Mackreth ........................................................................................ 162 Copper alloy objects excluding brooches by G Lloyd-Morgan ..................................................................... 177 Iron objects by Quita Mould.......................................................................................................................... 195 Iron slag byGerry McDonnel l ....................................................................................................................... 206 V Crucible fragments by Justine Bayley .......................................................................................................... 206 Lead objects by Quita Mould ........................................................................................................................ 206 Bone and bone products....................................................................................................................................... 211 . Animal bone................................................................................................................................................... 211 Worked bone by G Lloyd-Morgan ................................................................................................................. 211 Human skeletal remains by C B Denston .................................................................................................... 215 Ecology.................................................................................................................................................................. 217 Botanical remains by A J Gouldwell ............................................................................................................ 217 Insect remains from Pit F and their environmental implications by P J Osborne.................................... 217 Building materials ............................................................................................................................................... 221 Daub by Rowan Ferguson ............................................................................................................................. 221 Decorated wall plaster by Joan Liversidge and Stephen Cracknell ........................................................... 221 Tile by Rowan Ferguson ................................................................................................................................ 222 Tesserae by Jeremy Evans ............................................................................................................................. 222 Wood by V Snetterton-Lewis.......................................................................................................................... 222 Other finds............................................................................................................................................................ 223 Coal by A H V Smith ..................................................................................................................................... 223 Intaglios by Martin Henig............................................................................................................................. 223 Glass by Jennifer Price and Sally Cottam ................................................................................................... 224 Leather by J H Thornton .............................................................................................................................. 229 Jet and shale by Jeremy Evans..................................................................................................................... 229 Worked stone and quernstones by Jeremy Evans with contributions by John Crossling ......................... 231 Discussion by Stephen Cracknell ......................................................................................................................... 249 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................................... 260 vi List of illustrations Text 1 Roman coarse pottery, types R-l-R.25 (!A scale) 2 Roman coarse pottery, types R.26-R-43 (1/4 scale) 3 Roman coarse pottery, types R.44-R.53 (1/4 scale) 4 Roman coarse pottery, types R.54-R-68 (1/4 scale) 5 Roman coarse pottery, types R-69-R.95 (1/4 scale) 6 Roman coarse pottery, types R.96-R.112 (1/4 scale) 7 Roman coarse pottery, types R. 113-R. 136 (1/4 scale) 8 Roman coarse pottery, types R. 137-R. 163 (1/4 scale) 9 Roman coarse pottery, types R. 164-R. 189 (1/4 scale) 10 Roman coarse pottery, types R.190-R.217 (1/4 scale) 11 Roman coarse pottery, types R.218-R-258 (1/4 scale) 12 Roman coarse pottery, types R.259-R-290 (1/4 scale) 13 Roman coarse pottery, types R.291-R.330 (1/4 scale) 14 Roman coarse pottery, types R-331-R.369 (1/4 scale) 15 Roman coarse pottery, types R.370-R-408 (1/4 scale) 16 Roman coarse pottery, types R.409-R-450 (1/4 scale) 17 Roman coarse pottery, types R.451-R.489 (1/4 scale) 18 Roman coarse pottery, types B-l-B.23 (1/4 scale) 19 Roman coarse pottery, types B.24-B.52 (1/4 scale) 20 Roman coarse pottery, types B.53-B.75 (1/4 scale) 21 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.1-0.32 (1/4 scale) 22 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.33-0.57 (1/4 scale) 23 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.58-O-79 (1/4 scale) 24 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.80-0.96 (1/4 scale) 25 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.97-0.118 (1/4 scale) 26 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.119-0.131 (1/4 scale) 27 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.132-O-157 (1/4 scale) 28 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.158-o. 194 (1/4 scale) 29 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.195-0.228 (1/4 scale) 30 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.229-0.260 (1/4 scale) 31 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.261-0.281 (1/4 scale) 32 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.282-0.306 (1/4 scale) 33 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.307-0.335 (1/4 scale) 34 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.336-0.353 (1/4 scale) 35 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.354-0.363 (1/4 scale) 36 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.364-0.403 (1/4 scale) 37 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.404-0.435 (1/4 scale) 38 Roman coarse pottery, types 0.436-0-461 (1/4 scale) 39 Roman coarse pottery, types C.l-C.47 (1/4 scale) 40 Roman coarse pottery, types C.48-C.77 (1/4 scale) 41 Roman coarse pottery, types W-l-W.16 (1/4 scale) 42 Roman coarse pottery, types W.17-W.50 (1/4 scale) 43 Roman coarse pottery, types CW.l-CW.20 (1/4 scale) 44 Histogram representing average annual losses of decorated samian and stamped plain ware 45 Samian nos 6-69 46 Samian nos 84-127 47 Samian nos 128-92 48 Samian nos 194-243 49 Samian nos 252-73 vii 50 Samian nos 274-8 51 Samian nos 279-83 52 Samian nos 284-9 53 Samian nos 290-9 54 Amphora from pit group D II 29A (44 scale) withinscriptions and depinto (full size) 55 Disputed interpretation of depinto on Dressel 20 amphora from pit group D II 29A 56 Graffiti, nos l-13 (1/4 scale) 57 Graffiti, nos 14-37 (1/4 scale) 58 Graffiti, nos 38-48 59 Distribution of pottery with graffiti 60 Stamped grey ware base (1/4 scale); stamp full size 61 Mortaria stamps 62 Mortaria, nos l-20 63 Mortaria, nos 21-41 64 Mortaria, nos 42-58 65 Mortaria, nos 59-63 66 Percentage of recorded occurrence of Black-Burnished ware 1 by date 67 a) Point distribution map of rustic ware jars with indented shoulders, and known kiln sites b) Quantified distribution map of South-Western brown slipped ware 68 Pottery objects 69 Loomweight, clay block, and disc 70 Iron Age pottery from site M 71 Medieval pottery 72 Coins from the 1964-6 excavations (for coin issue periods see text) 73 Coins from Alcester excavations to 1985 (for coin issue periods see text) 74 Coins from Alcester excavations to 1985 but excluding those from the 1964-6 excavations 75 Copper alloy and iron brooches, nos l-11 76 Copper alloy and iron brooches, nos 12-22 77 Copper alloy and iron brooches, nos 23-36 78 Copper alloy and iron brooches, nos 37-51 79 Copper alloy and iron brooches, nos 52-62 80 Copper alloy and iron brooches, nos 64-72 81 Copper alloy and iron brooches, nos 73-95 82 Copper alloy (except brooches), nos 1-26 83 Copper alloy (except brooches), nos 27-34 84 Copper alloy (except brooches), nos 35-77 85 Copper alloy (except brooches), nos 78-93 86 Copper alloy (except brooches), nos 94-109 87 Copper alloy (except brooches), nos 114-19 88 Copper alloy (except brooches), nos 120-3 89 Copper alloy (except brooches), nos 124-33 90 Copper alloy (except brooches), nos 134-44 91 Copper alloy (except brooches), nos 146-91 92 Copper alloy (except brooches), nos 192-228 93 Iron objects, nos l-11 94 Iron objects, nos 12-25 95 Iron objects, nos 27-41 96 Iron objects, nos 56-100 97 Iron objects, nos 106-18 98 Crucibles 99 Lead object, no 1 100 Lead objects, nos 2-5 101 Worked bone, nos l-79 102 Worked bone, nos 80-91 103 Stamped tile 104 Glass vessels, nos l-24 105 Glass vessels, nos 25-36 106 Leather Viii