ROBERT AND JAMES ADAM, ARCHITECTS OF THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT The Enlightenment World: Political and Intellectual History of the Long Eighteenth Century Series Editor: Michael T. Davis Series Co-Editors: David Armitage Jack Fruchtman, Jr Iain McCalman Jon Mee Paul Pickering Advisory Editor: Hideo Tanaka Titles in this Series 1 Harlequin Empire: Race, Ethnicity and the Drama of the Popular Enlightenment David Worrall 2 Th e Cosmopolitan Ideal in the Age of Revolution and Reaction, 1776–1832 Michael Scrivener 3 Writing the Empire: Robert Southey and Romantic Colonialism Carol Bolton 4 Adam Ferguson: History, Progress and Human Nature Eugene Heath and Vincenzo Merolle (eds) 5 Charlotte Smith in British Romanticism Jacqueline Labbe (ed.) 6 Th e Scottish People and the French Revolution Bob Harris 7 Th e English Deists: Studies in Early Enlightenment Wayne Hudson 8 Adam Ferguson: Philosophy, Politics and Society Eugene Heath and Vincenzo Merolle (eds) 9 Rhyming Reason: Th e Poetry of Romantic-Era Psychologists Michelle Faubert 10 Liberating Medicine, 1720–1835 Tristanne Connolly and Steve Clark (eds) 11 John Th elwall: Radical Romantic and Acquitted Felon Steve Poole (ed.) 12 Th e Evolution of Sympathy in the Long Eighteenth Century Jonathan Lamb 13 Enlightenment and Modernity: Th e English Deists and Reform Wayne Hudson 14 William Wickham, Master Spy: Th e Secret War against the French Revolution Michael Durey 15 Th e Edinburgh Review in the Literary Culture of Romantic Britain: Mammoth and Megalonyx William Christie 16 Montesquieu and England: Enlightened Exchanges, 1689–1755 Ursula Haskins Gonthier 17 Th e Sublime Invention: Ballooning in Europe, 1783–1820 Michael R. Lynn 18 Th e Language of Whiggism: Liberty and Patriotism, 1802–1830 Kathryn Chittick 19 Romantic Localities: Europe Writes Place Christoph Bode and Jacqueline Labbe (eds) 20 William Godwin and the Th eatre David O’Shaughnessy 21 Th e Spirit of the Union: Popular Politics in Scotland Gordon Pentland 22 Ebenezer Hazard, Jeremy Belknap and the American Revolution Russell M. Lawson Forthcoming Titles Sociability and Cosmospolitanism: Social Bonds on the Fringes of the Enlightenment Scott Breuninger and David Burrow (eds) Dialogue, Didacticism and the Genres of Dispute: Literary Dialogues in the Age of Revolution Adrian J. Wallbank British Visions of America, 1775–1820: Republican Realities Emma Vincent Macleod www.pickeringchatto.com/enlightenmentworld ROBERT AND JAMES ADAM, ARCHITECTS OF THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT by Ariyuki Kondo london PICKERING & CHATTO 2012 Published by Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Limited 21 Bloomsbury Way, London WC1A 2TH 2252 Ridge Road, Brookfi eld, Vermont 05036-9704, USA www.pickeringchatto.com All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without prior permission of the publisher. © Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Ltd 2012 © Ariyuki Kondo 2012 british library cataloguing in publication data Kondo, Ariyuki. Robert and James Adam, architects of the Age of Enlightenment. – (Th e Enlightenment world) 1. Adam, Robert, 1728–1792. 2. Adam, James, d. 1794. 3. Architecture, Modern – 18th century. 4. Architecture – Great Britain – History – 18th century. 5. Architecture and philosophy – Great Britain – History – 18th century. 6. Enlightenment – Great Britain. 7. Architects – Scotland – Biography. 8. Edinburgh (Scotland) – Intellectual life – 18th century. I. Title II. Series 720.9’22-dc22 ISBN-13: 9781848931794 e: 9781848931800 ∞ Th is publication is printed on acid-free paper that conforms to the American National Standard for the Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Typeset by Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Limited Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by the MPG Books Group CONTENTS Acknowledgements ix List of Figures xi Prefatory Note 1 Introduction 5 1 Men of Learning 15 2 Novelty and Variety: An Enlightenment Vision 39 3 ‘Movement’: Th e Picturesque in Architecture 85 4 Civic Improvement: Edinburgh in the Enlightenment 129 Closing Remarks 157 Notes 163 Works Cited 189 Index 201 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As this work on Robert and James Adam is based on my postgraduate study at Edinburgh, I must convey the full extent of my indebtedness to my supervisors at the University of Edinburgh, amongst whom only a few can be acknowledged here. It is my great pleasure to express my sincere appreciation to Mr John Lowrey for encouraging me to undertake the study of Robert and James Adam and for his continuous, earnest supervision throughout my study at Edinburgh. Special appre- ciation is also due to Professor Iain Boyd Whyte for his comments, without which the polishing of the text of my doctoral dissertation would have been impossible. To these names I must gratefully add those of my friends and colleagues both inside and outside those universities where I have worked in the past ten years, in particular Mr Roberto Rabbini for helping me in proofreading the manuscript, and Professor Kenneth O. Anderson from whom I have received most generous support in the course of the fi nal editorial work. Sir Robert Clerk of Penicuik has kindly permitted me to cite from the Adam- related letters that form part of his family collect. As for the illustrations, I owe a debt to Sir Robert Clerk of Penicuik, Bt; Sir John Soane’s Museum; the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland; the National Library of Scotland; the National Portrait Gallery; the Laing Art Gallery in New- castle upon Tyne; and the university libraries of both Cambridge and Edinburgh for giving me permission to access and reproduce pieces from their collections. Th at the editors of the Enlightenment World series of Pickering & Chatto and its publishing director Mark Pollard should have agreed to publish this work leaves me profoundly grateful. To my copy editor, Stephina Clarke, I extend my thanks for her profi cient piloting of the work throughout the various editorial stages. I also wish to thank Professor Hidetada Mukai and Mr Takahiko Kaneko for steering me to Pickering & Chatto. Without their impartial introductions to a publishing circle far from where I am based, this work would never have been published. Lastly, and most importantly, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my parents and sister. I would not have accomplished this task without their continuous prayers and encouragement. Ms Yih-Shin Lee, whom I met at the University of Edinburgh, and to whom, along with my parents and sister, the original doctoral dissertation was dedicated, is now my wife. Without her ardent encouragement and attentive sup- port, I would have given up the attempt to bring out this book long ago. Ariyuki Kondo Tokyo, June 2011 – ix –