ROAD LIGHTING 1 lOAD LIGHVI G Ir. W. J. M. van Bommel Prof. J. B. de Boer M PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Cover photograph: Whitestone Bridge, New York, lighted with 180 watt low-pressure sodium lamps (photograph by courtesy of International Lighting Review). First published in the United Kingdom 1980 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basings toke ISBN 978-1-349-05802-0 ISBN 978-1-349-05800-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-05800-6 This book is sold subject to the standard conditions of the Net Book Agreement ISBN 978-90-201-1259-7 (Kluwer Edition) © 1980 Kluwer Technische Boeken B.V.-Deventer Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover I st edition 1980 978-0-333-30679-6 le druk 1980 Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvoudigd en of openbaar gemaakt door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm of op welke andere wijze ook, zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means without prior written permission of the publisher. Ondanks aile aan de samenstelling van de tekst bestede zorg, kan noch de redactie noch de uitgever aansprakelijkheid aanvaarden voor eventuele schade, die zou kunnen voortvloeien uit enige fout, die in deze uitgave zou kunnen voorkomen. Preface This is the second book in the Philips Technical Library series to be devoted to the subject of road lighting. The first, entitled Public Lighting, appeared in 1967. Since that time, however, the art and science of road lighting have both progressed to keep pace with the latest results of the continuing research being conducted in an ever increasing number of countries throughout the world. The purpose of this present book, which represents a complete and fresh ap proach to the subject, is to outline the underlying principles on which modern road lighting design is based and to leave the reader with an understanding of the background to the subject and a knowledge of how these principles should be applied in practice. The book is divided into four parts. The five chapters comprising Part One discuss the fundamentals of road lighting. Extensive reference is made to research carried out both in the lighting laboratories of Philips and elsewhere. The relevant lighting criteria are analysed from the point of view of both the visual performance and the visual comfort of the road user, and the influence here of different lamp spectra are outlined. The section concludes with a look at the fundamentals of tunnel lighting, in so far as they differ from those applicable to the lighting of open roads. Part Two of the book describes the equipment important for road lighting. Lamps and luminaires are reviewed in terms of their practical properties and features, the intention being to facilitate a proper selection of this equipment for the various application fields rather than give the technical background to its development. These properties, together with the reflection properties of a road surface serve to determine the perceived brightness of that surface. Road surface brightness being an important quality parameter, the last chapter in the section deals with the question of how road surface reflection properties are defined and used in lighting design. Part Three of the book provides the link between theory and practice and supplies the reader with the knowledge needed for effective lighting design. The main lighting criteria applicable to both open road and tunnel lighting are reviewed in the form of a summary of the results arrived at in Part One. This is followed by an examination of how these criteria have been in corporated into the various national and international lighting recommen- dations. Guidelines on how to avoid a crucial decrease in lighting quality during adverse weather conditions are given, as are the maintenance oper ations needed in order to prevent an intolerable deterioration of road lighting installations with time. It is, of course, of the utmost importance that lighting installations be designed to meet the required quality standard, whilst at the same time resulting in minimum costs and energy consumption. A chapter is therefore devoted to these aspects of design. The various calculation methods available for use in designing road lighting installations are also outlined, while in the last chapter of this part both laboratory measurements on lighting equipment and field measurements of the basic lighting quantities are described. The fourth and final part of the book describes various practical solutions to lighting problems in the different fields of application. There are three chap ters: Roads and Junctions, wherein practical advice is given on how to arrive at the best solution for a project based on the consideration of the lighting criteria for motorised traffic discussed earlier in the book; Residential and Pedestrian Areas, where the emphasis is on those factors that are important as seen from the point of view of local pedestrians and inhabitants of the area concerned; and finally Tunnels and Underpasses, which discusses the various alternative practical solutions in this field. In several instances, examples of lighting installations have been chosen from projects completed in the Philips Lighting Design Centres throughout the world. This book has not been aimed solely at the public lighting engineer or the student of lighting engineering; there is much of interest here too for the traffic engineer, town architect, town planner and road construction engineer. We thank Prof. Dr. D. Fischer (Eindhoven University of Technology) for his careful reading of the manuscript and for his many valuable comments which, we are sure, have led to important improvements and have helped to make this book part of a series which started in 1978 with the book 'Interior Lighting' (by J. B. de Boer and D. Fischer). We should also like to acknow ledge the work of Mrs. A. Thomas who prepared the typescript and Mr. J. van Hemert who produced the many drawings. Finally, we are much indebted to Mr. D. L. Parker who assisted in the preparation of the manuscript and advised us on many points. Eindhoven, May 1980 W. J. M. van Bommel J. B. de Boer Contents Part 1 - FUNDAMENTALS... ... ... .. . ... ...... ... ...... ... ...... ... ........ ... 11 1 Lighting Criteria ............................................................ 13 1.1 Luminance and Vision .... ... ......... ... ...... ...... ... ...... ... ... ...... 15 1.2 Visual Performance......................................................... 16 1.3 Visual Comfort ............................................................ 23 2 Visual Performance ......................................................... 29 2.1 Visibility Distance ... ... ...... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ...... ... 29 2.2 Detection Probability ...................................................... 32 2.3 Revealing Power ............................................................ 32 2.4 Supra-threshold Visibility ................................................ 35 2.5 Reaction Performance ...... ... ... ... ... ...... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 40 2.6 Detection of Relative Movement ....................................... 41 2.7 Summing Up ............................................................... 42 3 Visual Comfort. . . .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . . . . 44 3.1 Level........................................................................... 44 3.2 Uniformity.................................................................. 46 3.3 Glare... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...... ...... ... ... ...... ... ...... ... 48 3.4 Summing Up. ............................................................... 50 4 Spectra and Visual Reliability ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 4.1 Visual Performance.. . . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . 51 4.2 Visual Comfort ... ... ...... ... ... ...... ...... ...... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... 55 4.3 Summing Up ............................................................... 59 5 Tunnel Lighting 60 5.1 Threshold Zone 62 5.2 Transition Zone 70 5.3 Interior Zone ........................ 74 p ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5.4 Exit Zone .................................................................... . 74 5.5 Flicker ....................................................................... . 75 Part 2 - EQUIPMENT............................................................ 79 6 Lamps ...... ... ... ... ... ......... ...... ............ ......... ............... ... 81 6.1 Principal Characteristics................................................... 82 6.2 Incandescent Lamps ...................................................... 82 6.3 Tubular Fluorescent Lamps ............................................. 84 6.4 High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps ... ... ...... ... ............... 86 6.5 Metal Halide Lamps ....................................................... 89 6.6 High Pressure Sodium Lamps............................................ 90 6.7 Low Pressure Sodium Lamps.... ...... ....... ........................... 92 6.8 Control Gear ............................................................... 93 7 Luminaires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 7.1 Principal Characteristics................................................... 97 7.2 Conventional and Catenary Luminaires .............................. 102 7.3 Floodlights .................................................................. 116 8 Road Surfaces ............................................................... 119 8.1 Reflection Characteristics ................................................ 119 8.2 Acquisition of Reflection Data .......................................... 136 Part 3 - DESIGN .................................................................. 141 9 Recommendations...... ...... ... ......... ... ......... ............ ......... 143 9.1 Roads........................................................................ 143 9.2 Tunnels........................................................................ 157 10 Bad-weather Lighting .................... , ................................. 165 10.1 Wet Weather ............................................................... 165 10.2 Foggy Weather ............................................................ 171 11 Lighting Maintenance ...................................................... 173 11.1 Deterioration ............................................................... 173 11.2 Maintenance Operations ................................................ 175 12 Cost and Energy Considerations .......................................... 177 12.1 The Influence of Lamp Type ............................................. 177 12.2 The Influence of Luminaire Type ....................................... 182 12.3 The Influence of Road Surface Type ................................. 183 13 Calculations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 13.1 Conventions .................................................................. 184 13.2 Graphical Photometric Luminaire Data .............................. 188 13.3 Performance Sheets......................................................... 198 13.4 Computerised Calculations ............................................. 198 14 Measurements ............................................................... 200 14.1 Laboratory Measurements ............................................... 200 14.2 Field Measurements ...................................................... 209 Part 4 - APPLICA nON FIELDS ............................................ 225 15 Roads and Junctions ... ... ... ... ... ...... ... ... ...... ... ...... ... ...... ... 227 15.1 Lighting Systems............................................................ 227 15.2 General Considerations................................................... 250 16 Residential and Pedestrian Areas ....................................... 260 16.1 Lighting Criteria............................................................ 260 16.2 Lighting Installations...................................................... 265 17 Tunnels and Underpasses. . . . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . . . 270 17.1 Day-time Lighting ......................................................... 270 17.2 Night-time Lighting ...................................................... 284 17.3 Maintenance ............................................................... 284 BIBLIOGRAPHy.................................................................. 287 GLOSSARY ........................................................................ 298 APPENDIXES ..................................................................... 308 INDEX .............................................................................. 323 Part 1 FUNDAMENTALS