E N V I R O N M E N T A L SCIENCES An Interdisciplinary Monograph Series EDITORS DOUGLAS H. K. LEE E. WENDELL HEWSON DANIEL OKUN National Institute of Department of Department of Environmental Environmental Health Sciences Atmospheric Science Sciences and Engineering Research Triangle Park Oregon State University University of North Carolina North Carolina Corvallis, Oregon Chapel Hill, North Carolina ARTHUR C. STERN, editor, AIR POLLUTION, Second Edition. In three volumes, 1968 L. FISHBEIN, W. G. FLAMM, and H. L. FALK, CHEMICAL M U T A G E N S : Environ- mental Effects on Biological Systems, 1970 DOUGLAS H. K. LEE and DAVID MINARD, editors, PHYSIOLOGY, ENVIRON- MENT, A N D MAN, 1970 KARL D. KRYTER, T H E EFFECTS OF NOISE O N MAN, 1970 R. E. M U N N , BIOMETEOROLOGICAL METHODS, 1970 M. M. K E Y , L. E. KERR, and M. B U N D Y , PULMONARY REACTIONS T O COAL D U S T : "A Review of U. S. Experience," 1971 DOUGLAS H. K. LEE, editor, METALLIC CONTAMINANTS A N D H U M A N HEALTH, 1972 DOUGLAS H. K. LEE, editor, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN RESPIRA- TORY DISEASE, 1972 H. ELDON SUTTON and MAUREEN I. HARRIS, editors, MUTAGENIC EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS, 1972 RAY T. OGLESBY, CLARENCE A. CARLSON, and JAMES A. M C C A N N , editors, RIVER ECOLOGY A N D MAN, 1972 LESTER V. CRALLEY, LEWIS T. CRALLEY, GEORGE D. CLAYTON, and J O H N A. JURGIEL, editors, INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: The Worker and the Community, 1972 MOHAMED K. YOUSEF, STEVEN M. HORVATH, and ROBERT W. BULLARD, PHYSIO- LOGICAL ADAPTATIONS: Desert and Mountain, 1972 DOUGLAS H. K. LEE and PAUL KOTIN, editors, MULTIPLE FACTORS IN T H E CAUSATION OF ENVIRONMENTALLY I N D U C E D DISEASE, 1972 MERRIL EISENBUD, ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY, Second Edition, 1973 JAMES G. WILSON, E N V I R O N M E N T A N D BIRTH DEFECTS, 1973 RAYMOND C. LOEHR, AGRICULTURAL WASTE MANAGEMENT: Problems, Processes, and Approaches, 1974. River Ecology and Man EDITED BY Ray T. Oglesby Department of Natural Resources Cornell University Ithaca, New York Clarence A. Carlson New York Cooperative Fisheries Unit Cornell University Ithaca, New York James A. McCann Massachusetts Cooperative Fisheries Unit University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts Proceedings of an International Symposium on River Ecology and the Impact of Man, Held at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, June 20-23,1971 Academic PreSS ÇtfP) 1 9 7 2 N e w Y o r k S a n Francisco London A Subsidiary of Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers C O P Y R I G H T © 1972 , B Y A C A D E M I C P R E S S , I N C . ALL RIGHTS RESERVED NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, RETRIEVAL SYSTEM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. (LONDON) LTD. 24/28 Oval Road, London NW1 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 75-182634 Second Printing, 1973 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ADVISORS TO SYMPOSIUM COMMITTEE David J. Allee Cornell University H. B. N. Hynes University of Waterloo Stuart Neff University of Louisville Paul Ruggles Canada Department of Fisheries William C. Starrett Illinois Natural History Survey Richard Stroud Sport Fishing Institute Theodore P. Vande Sande California Department of Fish and Game IX SYMPOSIUM COMMITTEE Lyndon Bond, Program Inland Fisheries and Game, Maine, Augusta, Maine Clarence Carlson, Program Co-chairman and Co-editor New York Cooperative Fisheries Unit, Ithaca, New York William Dougherty, Arrangements Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Washington, D. C. Robert Jones, Chairman Connecticut Board of Fisheries and Game, Milford, Connecticut James McCann, Program Co-chairman and Co-editor Massachusetts Cooperative Fisheries Unit, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts Ray T. Oglesby, Editor Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York Christopher Percy, Publicity Connecticut River Watershed Council, Greenfield, Massachusetts Roger Reed, Arrangements Massachusetts Cooperative Fisheries Unit, Amherst, Massachusetts Lyle Thorpe, Finance Northeast Utilities Service Company, Tolland, Connecticut Dwight A. Webster, Program Coordinator Cornell University, Ithaca, New York XI CONTRIBUTORS John Bardach, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 1006 Natural Resources Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan T. Blench, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Alberta, Edmonton 7, Alberta, Canada John L. Blum, Department of Botany, The University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin William A. Brungs, Fish Toxicology Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Office, 3411 Church Street, Newton, Cincinnati, Ohio John Cairns, Jr., Center for Environmental Studies, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia James Crutchfield, Department of Economics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Kenneth W. Cummins, W. K. Kellogg Biological Station, Michigan State University, Hickory Corners, Michigan Robert R. Curry, Department of Geology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana John D. Dingell, House of Representatives, House Office Building, Washington, D.C. H. A. Einstein, Department of Civil Engineering, 412 O'Brien Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California Jack C. Fraser, Premier's Department, Treasury Place, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia Desmond Hammerton, Clyde River Purification Board, Rivers House, Murray Road, East Kilbride, Glasgow, Scotland T. E. Langford, Central Electricity Generating Board, Ratcliff-on-Soar, Nottingham, England Xlll CONTRIBUTORS E. D. LeCren, Freshwater Biological Association, River Laboratory, East Stoke, Wareham, Dorset, England Justin W. Leonard, Department of Resource Planning and Conservation, 2006 Natural Resources Building, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Reinhard Liepolt, Bundesenstalt für Wasserbiologie und Abwasserforschung, Des bundesministeriums für Land und Forstwirtschaft, 1223 Wien, Kaisermuhlenstrasse 120, Postfach 7, Vienna, Austria Kenneth H. Mann, Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Marine Ecology Laboratory, Bedford Institute, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada DanielJ. Nelson, Ecological Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee Ruth Patrick, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Walter M. Sanders, HI, Nutritional Pollutants Fate Research Program, Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Office, Southeast Water Laboratory, College Station Road, Athens, Georgia William C. Starrett, Illinois Natural History Survey Laboratory, Havana, Illinois Robert V. Thomann, Civil Engineering Department, Manhattan College, Bronx, New York Parker Trefethen, National Marine Fisheries Service, Biological Laboratory, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington Theodore P. Vande Sande, Water Projects Branch, California Department of Fish and Game, 1416 Ninth Street, Sacramento, California ♦Deceased. XIV FOREWORD Informally the notion of a symposium on river ecology began in a motel corridor in Bedford, New Hampshire, site of the 1968 Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Division of the American Fisheries Society. This led to the appoint- ment of an ad hoc committee to investigate the feasibility of Divisional sponsor- ship, and ultimately to the appointment of a River Ecology Symposium Com- mittee in September, 1969. To reach this decision, Division members drew heavily on the counsel and experience of the Southern Division of the American Fisheries Society, sponsors of the symposium on "Reservoir Fishery Resources" at Athens, Georgia in 1967. A significant early decision of the Symposium Committee was to invite a group of fellow scientists to serve as advisors in determining format and content of the symposium. The advisors, whose names are listed elsewhere, met with the Committee in March, 1970 at the Cornell University Biological Field Station on Oneida Lake. This two-day, freewheeling, "think tank" generated the basic struc- ture of the symposium and the names of individuals qualified to make it a viable and meaningful event. The retreat was surely one of the most stimulating and satisfying activities for the Committee. Sponsoring an international symposium takes financial backing, and the years 1969-1971 were not the most auspicious ones in which to raise money easily. Donations and grants are also acknowledged elsewhere, but one deserves special comment. At the time the Committee was most pressed for money to defray early operational expenses, an unexpected and unsolicited windfall oc- curred. The Class of 1970, George School of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, decided to forego their usual senior bash and, in its place, donate the money anteed up by parents to an environmentally oriented project. Their Class Advisor, Alan Sexton, learned of the symposium plans through the American Conservation Foundation and a substantial contribution followed. It was a heartening gesture viewed as an unselfish response of youth to the needs of the times, as well as a response to the needs of the Committee for cash in hand at a critical time in program development. As funds were being gathered other activities proceeded apace, including the selection of the new Lincoln Conference Center at the University of Massa- chusetts as the symposium site and June 20-23, 1971 as the date. The program co-chairmen and session chairmen obtained commitments from participants. Two of these are not shown among the authors but both deserve special thanks for xv FOREWORD their contributions to the program. These were Pete Seeger, the well-known folk singer who volunteered his talents to inspire and challenge us all and Ron Bonn of CBS News who vividly demonstrated the important role of the news media. Regretfully, as this volume is in final stages of preparation, we must record the death of William Starrett on December 30, 1971. He provided a contagious enthusiasm as an advisor to the Committee and later participated importantly in the symposium program. We gratefully and affectionately acknowledge his efforts in the Division to stage a successful meeting. We are honored to have been associated with Bill Starrett in this substantial contribution to the literature of the aquatic sciences. At some point (at what now seems the distant past) this undertaking by the Northeastern Division of the American Fisheries Society became officially titled "An International Symposium on River Ecology and the Impact of Man." From time to time many of us associated with the events leading up to the meeting felt that it was presumptious to believe that a topic of such complexity and enormity could be handled by the resources, talent, and time at our disposal. Indeed, it could not have been were it not for a cadre of devoted and diligent Division members. We make no case for having preempted the subject by presumptious- ness, but we trust we have achieved some focus on the state of the art as re- ported by a diverse group of people and that these transactions will serve as a base and departure point for further deliberations on the subject of river ecology. Dwight A. Webster, Program Coordinator Department of Natural Resources Cornell University Ithaca, New York xvi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Symposium Commitee thanks the following organizations for financial assistance that helped make this Symposium a reality: Northeast Utilities Service Co. Hartford, Connecticut George School, Class of 1970 Bucks County, Pennsylvania The Conservation Foundation Washington, D. C. American Conservation Association New York, New York National Science Foundation Washington, D. C. New England Power Service Co. Westboro, Massachusetts Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Co. Hartford, Connecticut Sport Fishing Institute Washington, D. C. private foundations requesting anonymity. xvii