Rising Wind : Black Americans and U.S. title: Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 author: Plummer, Brenda Gayle. publisher: University of North Carolina Press isbn10 | asin: 0807822728 print isbn13: 9780807822722 ebook isbn13: 9780807863862 language: English African Americans--Politics and government, United States--Foreign relations--1933-1945--Citizen participation, subject United States--Foreign relations--1945- 1953--Citizen participation, United States-- Foreign relations--1953-1961--Citizen participation. publication date: 1996 lcc: E185.6.P68 1996eb ddc: 327.73 African Americans--Politics and government, United States--Foreign relations--1933-1945--Citizen participation, subject: United States--Foreign relations--1945- 1953--Citizen participation, United States-- Foreign relations--1953-1961--Citizen participation. Page i A wind is risinga wind of determination by the have-nots of the world to share the benefits of freedom and prosperity which the haves of the earth have tried to keep exclusively for themselves. That wind blows all over the world. Whether that wind develops into a hurricane is a decision which we must make now and in the days when we form the peace. Walter White, 1945 Page iii Rising Wind Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935-1960 THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA PRESS CHAPEL HILL AND LONDON Page iv © 1996 Brenda Gayle Plummer All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Plummer, Brenda Gayle. Rising wind: Black Americans and U.S. foreign affairs, 1935-1960 / by Brenda Gayle Plummer. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8078-2272-8 (cloth: alk. paper). ISBN 0-8078-4575-2 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Afro-Americans-Politics and government. 2. United States-Foreign relations1933-1945Citizen participation. 3. United States-Foreign relations1945-1953Citizen participation. 4. United States-Foreign relations1953-1961Citizen participation. I. Title. E185.6.P68 1996 6068 327.73dc20 CIP Brenda Gayle Plummer, professor of history and Afro-American studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, is author of Haiti and the Great Powers and Haiti, the Psychological Moment. 00 99 98 97 96 5 4 3 2 1 Page v FOR ROBBY Page vii Contents Acknowledgments xiii Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 Race, Ethnicity, and U.S. Foreign Policy 9 Dictatorship and Democracy 37 World War II 83 Peace without Justice 125 Into the Cold War 167 The Long Thaw 217 A New Era 257 Conclusion 299 Notes 329 Selected Bibliography 389 Index 409 Page ix Tables 1.1. Black Newspapers, 1930s 27 1.2. Black News-Gathering Agencies, 1940 28 3.1. Negro Digest Polls: Black Opinion on the Peace 88 Settlement 3.2. Major Organizations Supporting the Negro Labor 103 Committee Petition, 1944 4.1. Supporters of Colonial Freedom and a World Bill of 133 Rights 4.2. Federated Organizations of Colored People of the 150 World 5.1. Do Race Problems Affect World Opinion of the 168 United States? 5.2. Black American Organizations that Endorsed the 180 NAACP'S Petition to the United Nations, 1947 5.3. Foreign Supporters of the NAACP'S Petition to the 181 United Nations, 1947 5.4. Public Opinion on Aid to Greece and Turkey, 1947 186 C.1. Partial List of ANLC Sponsors 307 Page xi Illustrations Map showing location of international stringers and 26 correspondents for ANP and major black weeklies, 1935- 45 Salaria Kee 63 Black troops ride rickshaws to see Tarzan's New York 94 Adventure Malcolm Jackson 122 An African reads a petition to the United Nations 127 W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary McLeod Bethune, and Walter 137 White Mary McLeod Bethune and Eleanor Roosevelt 143 Vijaya L. Pandit and her daughters with Judge Jane Bolin 148 Harry Truman, Mary McLeod Bethune, Vijaya L. Pandit, 177 and Ralph Bunche George Schuyler 215 Vijaya L. Pandit and Mary McLeod Bethune 220 George McGhee 236 Mrs. Sekou Touré tours an American supermarket 276 Kwame Nkrumah and members of the National Council of 281 Negro Women Nasser and Castro in Harlem 286 Adam Clayton Powell Jr., with John F. Kennedy, Eleanor 292 Roosevelt, and Jackie Kennedy