Rio de Janeiro Using Rio de Janeiro as the case study city, this book highlights and examines issues surrounding the development of mega-cities in Latin America and beyond. Complex dynamics of urbanization such as mega- event-driven development, infrastructure investment, and i nformal urban expansion are intertwined with changing climatic conditions that demand new approaches to sustainable urbanism. The urban conditions facing 21st century cities such as Rio emphasize the need to revisit urban forms, reintegrate infrastructure, and re-evaluate practices. With contributions from 15 scholars from several countries explor- ing urbanism, urbanization, and climate change, this book provides insights into the contextual and environmental issues shaping Rio in the age of globalization. Each of the book’s three sections addresses an interdisciplinary range of topics impacting urbanism in Latin America, which will be accessible to researchers and professionals interested in urbanization, urban design, sustainability, planning, and architecture. José L.S. Gámez is the Associate Director of the School of Architec- ture at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and a founding member of the School’s Master of Urban Design program. His research explores cultural dimensions of architecture and urbanism, and it has appeared in The Journal of Urbanism and The Journal of Applied Geography, as well as the books Vertical Urbanism: Designing Com- pact Cities in China; Writing Urbanism: A Design Reader; Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism; and Latino Urbanism: The Politics of Planning, Policy and Redevelopment. Zhongjie Lin is an Associate Professor of Urbanism at the University of Pennsylvania. He is the former Director of the Master of Urban Design Program at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and a co-founder of Futurepolis, an award-winning international design practice. His books include Kenzo Tange and the Metabolist Movement and Vertical Urbanism, among others. He has received several pres- tigious awards for his research including a Guggenheim Fellowship, a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship, an Abe Fellowship, and Graham Foun- dation grants. Jeffrey S. Nesbit is a doctoral candidate at Harvard University’s Graduate School of Design and a research fellow in the Office for Urbanization. He is founding director of the experimental design group Haecceitas Studio and former director of Seoul Studio, a design re- search program in South Korea. His research focuses on the evolution of the urban landscape through the lens of historical technology, po- litical uncertainty, and environmental unpredictability. He has writ- ten extensively on infrastructure and urbanization and is the editor of Chasing the City: Models for Extra-Urban Investigations. Built Environment City Studies The Built Environment City Studies series provides researchers and academics with a detailed look at individual cities through a specific lens. These concise books delve into a case study of an international city, focusing on a key built environment topic. Written by scholars from around the world, the collection provides a library of thorough studies into trends, developments and approaches that affect our cities. Amman Gulf Capital, Identity, and Contemporary Megaprojects Majd Musa Baltimore Reinventing an Industrial Legacy City Klaus Philipsen Milan Productions, Spatial Patterns and Urban Change Edited by Simonetta Armondi and Stefano Di Vita Baghdad An Urban History through the Lens of Literature Iman Al-Attar Istanbul Informal Settlements and Generative Urbanism Noah Billig Rio de Janeiro Urban Expansion and Environment Edited by José L.S. Gámez, Zhongjie Lin and Jeffrey S. Nesbit Rio de Janeiro Urban Expansion and Environment Edited by José L.S. Gámez, Zhongjie Lin and Jeffrey S. Nesbit First published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 selection and editorial matter, José L.S. Gámez, Zhongjie Lin and Jeffrey S. Nesbit; individual chapters, the contributors The right of José L.S. Gámez, Zhongjie Lin and Jeffrey S. Nesbit to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-367-03103-9 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-02044-5 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by codeMantra Contents List of illustrations ix Biographies xi 1 Introduction: Rio de Janeiro – urban expansion and environment 1 JOSé L.S. GáMEZ, ZHONGJIE LIN, AND JEFFREY S. NESBIT 2 The impact of future sea-level rise on Rio de Janeiro: a geological perspective 5 SCOTT HIPPENSTEEL 3 One Katrina every year: the challenge of urban flooding in tropical cities 18 FERNANDO LARA 4 Changing informality: gentrification of favelas in Rio de Janeiro 27 ZHONGJIE LIN, FERNANDO DINIZ MOREIRA AND ALINE DE MELO NASCIMENTO 5 Staging the city, transforming the slum: festifavalization in Rio de Janeiro 39 MALTE STEINBRINK AND JOSé L.S. GáMEZ 6 Barra da Tijuca: urban planning challenges in a global suburb 54 LAWRENCE A. HERZOG viii Contents 7 The elite enclave of Barra da Tijuca 71 ALEXANDRA SILVA DE ALMEIDA 8 Costa, coast, and clay: a modern grid revisited in Rio de Janeiro 90 JEFFREY S. NESBIT 9 Barra Olympic Park project: notes on the design process, games, and legacy 101 HENRIqUE HOUAYEK 10 Resilient urban design for flooding areas: a case study of Rio de Janeiro’s risky expansion toward Vargens 113 ERIKA BRUM AND MARIA FERNANDA LEMOS 11 Mixing modernisms and measuring climate literacy: Costa, Burle Marx, and Rio’s ecological design challenges 124 JOSé L.S. GáMEZ 12 Climate adaptation in Rio: promoting the resilience of the west zone coastal area of Rio de Janeiro 139 MARIA FERNANDA LEMOS 13 Urban planning for resilience: thoughts on lessons learned from projects for Rio’s western area 153 RAFAEL SARAIVA Index 165 Illustrations Credits The authors and publishers would like to thank the following individu- als and organizations for granting us permission to reproduce material for this book. If any errors or omissions have been made, then we will be happy to correct them in later printings. Figures Gallery 1: An idyllic view of Rio de Janeiro’s Guanabara Bay and Sugarloaf Mountain contrasted with a view towards Ladeira de Tabajaras, which is an informal hillside neighborhood near Copacabana. Photographs: Javier Escudero 4 2.1 Drawing: Scott Hippensteel: Sea level changes and potential shoreline retreat 12 3.1 The lakeside squatter community in Phnom Penh, Cambodia 22 3.2 Student water-management proposals for Acaba Mundo favela, Belo Horizonte, Brazil 23 4.1 Photograph: Zhongjie Lin: Parque Sitie, Vidigal, Rio de Janeiro 35 7.1 Drawing: Alexandra Silva de Alemeida: Map of Rio and Informal Settlements circa 2015 73 8.1 Drawing: Jeffrey S. Nesbit, May Khalife and Nitya Kolli: Conceptual illustration of agricultural and resilient open spaces in Centro Metropolitano, Barra da Tijuca 91