LLooyyoollaa UUnniivveerrssiittyy CChhiiccaaggoo LLooyyoollaa eeCCoommmmoonnss Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2011 RRiiggoorroouuss HHoonneessttyy:: AA CCuullttuurraall HHiissttoorryy ooff AAllccoohhoolliiccss AAnnoonnyymmoouuss 11993355--11996600 Kevin Kaufmann Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the United States History Commons RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn Kaufmann, Kevin, "Rigorous Honesty: A Cultural History of Alcoholics Anonymous 1935-1960" (2011). Dissertations. 73. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/73 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2011 Kevin Kaufmann LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO RIGOROUS HONESTY: A CULTURAL HISTORY OF ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS 1935-1960 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN HISTORY BY KEVIN KAUFMANN CHICAGO, IL AUGUST 2011 Copyright by Kevin Kaufmann, 2011 All Rights Reserved. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This page was about seven years in the making and I’m still concerned that I will miss someone that aided me in this process. The best way to recognize everyone is to focus on three groups of people that have been supportive, inspiring, and encouraging in all manner of ways. Of course any method of organization is bound to have its flaws and none of these groupings are exclusive. The first group is professional. I owe great thanks to my advisor and chair of my dissertation committee, Lewis Erenberg. His insight and advice throughout this process have been invaluable beyond measure. I also apologize for delaying your retirement. I also thank the other readers from my dissertation committee, Harold Platt and Susan Hirsch. Both were great compliments to the writing and editing process. I feel it is appropriate to thank Patricia Mooney-Melvin, first as the graduate chair of the LUC History department, then as an Associate Dean in the Graduate School. Not only did Dr. Mooney-Melvin keep me on task and moving forward, but she was always ready to answer questions about the more procedural aspects of pursuing a PhD. I must also thank two institutions without whom this task would have been impossible. First the staff of the General Service Archives of Alcoholics Anonymous in New York; no request was too mundane or impossible and in many cases the archivists anticipated my needs and had more materials waiting for me on my next visit. The second staff that I can’t thank enough is that of the Loyola University Library, especially the inter-library loan iii department. I’m still amazed at what they could find when I felt I had no chance of securing the resources I needed. The second group I need to thank are my colleagues. First and foremost I must extend my appreciation to Robert Bucholz. I thought when I began as his teaching assistant that I had already finished developing as an instructor. I was quite wrong and his guidance, not only with issues regarding teaching, but just about anything life seemed to throw my way, was always welcomed. The Dissertation Writing Group for the History department provided a great deal of feedback during this process and I would like to especially thank Dejan Krajl, Cord Scott and Jennifer Searcy for their friendship and support throughout this process. The final group is of course, personal. It is because of these people that I was able to finish and more importantly remain relatively sane throughout this process. First my dear friend and colleague Andrew Donnelly; I am forever grateful that most of discussions rarely focused on history but on baseball, parenting and food. Next my parents, Joan and Charles, deserve my never ending gratitude for all of the support they provided over so many years, before and during the dissertation. My brother and sister, Brian and Denise, provided support as well and often a place to stay on research trips or conference excursions. I genuinely could not have done it without you. I also need to thank my children, Luke and Lucy. My dissertation may have felt like a lifetime to me, but it literally was their lifetime. They truly help keep so much about this process in the proper perspective. Finally, I thank my wife, Bethany. It may be the greatest cliché of an acknowledgement page, but I could not have done this without her and that is why this work is dedicated to her. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 Survey of Existing Literature 11 CHAPTER TWO: “AFTER MORE OF THAT ACCURSED POISON THAT HAS RUINED YOU?” THE INFLUENCE OF THE TEMPERENCE AND PROHIBITION MOVEMENTS ON ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS, 1840–1930 20 T. S. Arthur and the Changes in the Temperance Movement 22 Songs, Poems, and Images from the Temperance Movement 38 Temperance to Prohibition, 1880–1920 47 The Prohibition Era 54 CHAPTER THREE: “OUR STORIES DISCLOSE WHAT WE USED TO BE LIKE…” 61 Wilson and Smith in the Land of the Green Mountain Boys 63 “Attraction Rather Than Promotion”: Bringing in the “100” 70 “Experience, Strength and Hope” 83 “On the Tail of a Comet”: The Role of the Oxford Group 90 Conclusion 96 CHAPTER FOUR: “RARELY HAVE WE SEEN A PERSON FAIL”: EARLY STRATEGIES AND THE WRITING OF ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS, 1935–1940 98 Flying Blind: The Early Years of Alcoholics Anonymous 100 “The Big Book”: Writing Alcoholics Anonymous 110 Conclusion 123 CHAPTER FIVE: “WE CARRIED THIS MESSAGE TO ALCOHOLICS”: THE SPREAD OF ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS, 1939–1942 125 “About the Town”: Advice Columnists and the City Desk 128 “The Sunday Papers”: Feature Articles and Jack Alexander 132 “Don’t Dismiss What Our Friends in Organized Religion Say” 141 “The Doctor’s Opinion”: The Medical Profession 148 Conclusion 155 CHAPTER SIX: “AA NEITHER ENDORSES NOR OPPOSES ANY CAUSES” EXCEPT IN TIMES OF WAR: ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS AND WORLD WAR II 158 “Our Common Welfare Should Come First” 161 “Staying Sober in the Most Desperate of Times” 171 “A Meeting By Mail” 179 “Now That the War is Over the Real Fight Begins” 183 v Conclusion 186 CHAPTER SEVEN: “IT WAS OBVIOUSLY NECESSARY TO RAISE THE BOTTOM”: ALCOHOLICS ANONYMOUS IN THE 1950S 189 “John Barleycorn Became Our Best Advocate”: Raising the Bottom 198 “What Situations Have Caused Me Anxiety?” AA in the “Age of Anxiety” 206 “Lady Souses”: AA and Women in the 1950s 217 Conclusion 225 CONCLUSION 228 BIBLIOGRAPHY 243 VITA 257 vi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION For the past fifty-five years, members of Alcoholics Anonymous have gathered in Akron, Ohio every June to celebrate the founding of their society. People from all over the world descend on this former industrial town to reflect on the history of the organization that they believe saved their lives from the disease of alcoholism. There are lectures to attend about the early history of Alcoholics Anonymous and testimonials or “leads” given by members throughout the weekend. Every hour bus tours leave the campus of the University of Akron, where the pilgrims reside for the weekend, and take them across the city visiting places significant to the story of AA and its founding. They travel to Co-founder Dr. Bob Smith’s house on Ardmore Avenue where they can see the first coffee pot used for an AA meeting and look at the rooms where the other Co- founder, Bill Wilson, lived with the Smiths while he was traveling on business. After the visitors have taken in all of the sites of the modest home, they can stop by the living room that has been converted into a gift shop and buy a piece of memorabilia. Further along the bus route the tourists see the gatehouse on the Seiberling estate where Wilson and Smith first met, the Mayflower Hotel (now an assisted living center) where Wilson anxiously paced, debating between getting a drink or reaching out for help with his new found sobriety. As the tour winds back to campus the two hospitals in 1 2 which Dr. Smith worked can be seen as well as King School which housed quite possibly the first AA meeting, at least in the format that is common to members today. On Saturday night all the attendees gather in the University’s 15,000 seat arena, and participate in a sobriety count down; each person stands up when the emcee announces the amount of time he or she has been sober, until the final question of, “Is this anyone’s first day of sobriety?” The person at his or her first meeting is greeted with a thunderous applause, given a copy of Alcoholics Anonymous, and told that they are the most important person in the arena. After all of that, the final activity of the night is a keynote speaker, a member who has been sober for a considerable amount of time who gives an hour long lead, reflecting what his drinking was like, what happened and what his life is like now. It is a story rich with detail about how the program works and if applied in a similar fashion, provides a guide how others can achieve the same kind of success. After the speaker finishes the crowd joins hands and prays the Our Father, chanting at the end, “Keep Coming Back, It Works If You Work It, SOBER!” As a coda to the giant meeting the night before, the attendees organize a procession to the cemetery where Dr. Smith and his wife, Anne, are laid to rest. Led by the members with motorcycles, the caravan contains all manner of vehicles: SUVs, old beaters, pick-up trucks, and luxury sedans. They bring flowers and tokens of appreciation to the gravesite, but the most poignant display is the members who leave their sobriety coins. Hundreds, if not thousands, of coins displaying the years of sobriety earned are laid on the headstone of Dr. Bob and Anne Smith. The amount of sober time 3 is staggering to contemplate and the effect that Alcoholics Anonymous had on the people gathered is palpable even to the most casual observer. What is it about this program that draws people to the Midwest every summer? How did this program designed and founded by two “rock-ribbed Vermont Yankees,” spawn a worldwide phenomenon? 1 What accounts for this undeniable success? Why were the 1930s, the era of its founding, ripe for such an organization? Finally, what can AA tell us about the mid-twentieth century? How can Alcoholics Anonymous inform us, not only about its own past, but about the greater history of American culture? These are the questions this dissertation will answer. A second major concern is, how? What about AA sets it apart from other attempts to reform the drinking habits of Americans? An oft-quoted story about a researcher who asks a member how AA works, got the response, “quite well!” This anecdote illustrates the difficulty scholars have had discovering how the group functions. What rituals, practices, and policies help AA maintain its clarity of message and success? The key answer to this is, in a sense, none. The loosely organized fellowship allows for each autonomous group to establish its own rituals and local traditions. What is confounding to the scholar is that people write about their personal experiences of sobriety as if they were the standard for everyone. This is not the case. While many members like to state that divine intervention is the reason for AA’s success, there is a humanistic element to its message. The one unifying element to all groups is the 12 steps, and to a lesser extent the 12 traditions, a set of suggestions designed to help local groups with their 1 Pass it On: The Story of Bill Wilson and how the AA Message Reached the World (New York: AA World Services, 1984), 54.