more information - www.cambridge.org/9781107018501 RICHES, POVERTY, AND THE FAITHFUL InthebookofRevelation,Johnappealstothefaithfultoavoidthetemp- tationsofwealth,whichheconnectswithevilanddisobediencewithin secularsociety.NewTestamentscholarshavetraditionallyviewedhis somewhatradicalstanceasareactiontothesocialinjusticesandidola- tryoftheimperialRomancultsoftheday.MarkD.Mathewsarguesthat John’srejectionofaffluencewasinsteadshapedbyideasintheJewish literatureoftheSecondTempleperiodwhichassociatedtherichwith the wicked and viewed the poor as the righteous. Mathews explores howtraditionspreservedintheEpistleofEnochandlaterEnochictexts playedaformativeroleinshapingJohn’stheologicalperspective.This bookwillbeofinteresttothoseresearchingpovertyandwealthinearly Christiancommunities,andtherelationshipbetweenthetraditionspre- servedintheDeadSeaScrollsandtheNewTestament. mark d. mathewsisTeachingElderandSeniorPastoratBethany PresbyterianChurchinOxford,PA.HeisamemberoftheSocietyof BiblicalLiteratureandofTyndaleHouseFellowship. SOCIETY FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES MONOGRAPH SERIES Generaleditor:PaulTrebilco 154 RICHES, POVERTY, AND THE FAITHFUL SOCIETY FOR NEW TESTAMENT STUDIES MONOGRAPH SERIES Recenttitlesintheseries 131. AncientRhetoricandPaul’sApology FREDERICK J. LONG 132. ReconstructingHonorinRomanPhilippi JOSEPH H. HELLEMAN 133. TheologicalHermeneuticsand1Thessalonians ANGUS PADDISON 134. Greco-RomanCultureandtheGalileeofJesus MARK A. CHANCEY 135. ChristologyandDiscipleshipintheGospelofMark SUZANNE WATTS HENDERSON 136. TheJudaeanPoorandtheFourthGospel TIMOTHY J. M. LING 137. Paul,theStoics,andtheBodyofChrist MICHELLE LEE 138. TheBridegroomMessiahandthePeopleofGod JOCELYN MCWHIRTER 139. TheTornVeil DANIEL M. GURTNER 140. DiscerningtheSpirits ANDRE´ MUNZINGER 141. TheSheepoftheFold EDWARD W. KLINK III 142. ThePsalmsofLamentinMark’sPassion STEPHEN P. AHERNE-KROLL 143. CosmologyandEschatologyinHebrews KENNETH L. SCHENCK 144. TheSpeechesofOutsidersinActs OSVALDO PADILLA 145. TheAssumedAuthorialUnityofLukeandActs PATRICIA WALTERS 146. GeographyandtheAscensionNarrativeinActs MATTHEW SLEEMAN 147. TheIturaeansandtheRomanNearEast E. A. MYERS 148. ThePoliticsofInheritanceinRomans MARK FORMAN 149. TheDoctrineofSalvationintheFirstLetterofPeter MARTIN WILLIAMS 150. JesusandtheForgivenessofSins TOBIAS HA¨GERLAND 151. TheCompositionoftheGospelofThomas SIMON GATHERCOLE 152. PaulasanAdministratorofGodin1Corinthians JOHN K. GOODRICH 153. AffirmingtheResurrectionoftheIncarnateChrist MATTHEW D. JENSEN Riches, Poverty, and the Faithful PerspectivesonWealthintheSecondTemplePeriod andtheApocalypseofJohn MARK D. MATHEWS cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107018501 (cid:2)C MarkD.Mathews2013 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2013 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Mathews,MarkD.,1964– Riches,poverty,andthefaithful:perspectivesonwealthintheSecondTempleperiod andtheApocalypseofJohn/MarkD.Mathews. pages cm.–(SocietyforNewTestamentStudiesmonographseries;154) Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-107-01850-1 1.Wealth–Biblicalteaching. 2.Bible.N.T.Revelation–Criticism,interpretation,etc. 3.DeadSeascrolls. 4.Jewishreligiousliterature–Historyandcriticism. I.Title. BS2825.6.W37M38 2013 228(cid:3).06–dc23 2012025994 ISBN978-1-107-01850-1Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. CONTENTS Acknowledgements pageix Listofabbreviations xi PART I INTRODUCTION 1 1 ThequestionofwealthintheApocalypse 3 1.1 Theproblem 3 1.2 ScholarlyapproachestowealthintheNewTestament 5 1.3 ScholarlyapproachestotheApocalypse 10 1.4 Theconceptofwealthinrelationtothefaithful 30 1.5 Methodologicalapproach 32 PART II THE LANGUAGE OF WEALTH AND POVERTY, RICH AND POOR, IN THE SECOND TEMPLE PERIOD 35 Introduction 35 2 DeadSeaScrolls:non-sectarianAramaicdocuments 42 2.1 AramaicLeviDocument 42 2.2 EarlyEnochtradition 44 2.3 SummaryofAramaictraditions 60 3 DeadSeaScrolls:non-sectarianHebrewdocuments 63 3.1 WisdomofBenSira(Sirach) 63 3.2 Muˆsa¯rle˘Me¯vˆın(4QInstruction) 80 3.3 TwoSpiritsTreatise(1QS3:13–4:26) 90 4 DeadSeaScrolls:sectarianHebrewdocuments 92 4.1 DamascusDocument(DD) 92 4.2 CommunityRule(1QS) 100 4.3 WarScroll(1QM) 110 4.4 PesherHabakkuk(1QpHab) 112 4.5 Hodayot(1QHa) 115 4.6 SummaryofHebrewtraditions 119 vii viii Contents 5 OtherJewishliterature 121 5.1 WisdomofSolomon 121 5.2 TheSimilitudes(1Enoch37–71) 126 5.3 EschatologicalAdmonition(1Enoch108) 129 5.4 SibyllineOracles 131 5.5 Preliminaryconclusions 137 PART III WEALTH, POVERTY, AND THE FAITHFUL COMMUNITY IN THE APOCALYPSE OF JOHN 141 Introduction 141 6 ThelanguageofwealthandpovertyintheSeven Messages:Rev2–3 144 6.1 TheSevenMessages 144 7 Thepresenteschatologicalage:Rev4–6 167 7.1 Theinaugurationoftheeschatologicalage 167 7.2 WorthyistheLambtoreceivewealth 170 7.3 Breakingthesevenseals 175 7.4 Thethirdrider 178 7.5 Avoicefromthemidstofthethrone 182 8 BuyingandsellinginSatan’sWorld:Rev12–13,18 185 8.1 ThemarkoftheBeast 185 8.2 ThefunctionofmythandtraditioninRev12–13 189 8.3 Theclimaxofeconomiccritique:Rev18 197 8.4 Wealthandthefaithful:Rev18:4–5 198 8.5 WealthandBabylon 202 8.6 Excursus:theuseofmerchantandsailorimageryin Jewishtraditions 204 8.7 AtheologyofwealthintheApocalypse 216 9 Conclusions 219 Bibliography 225 Indexofpassages 247 Indexofauthorsandtopics 267