Rice Value Chain Study: Cambodia A Report Prepared for the World Bank By Agrifood Consulting International September 2002 AGRIFOOD CONSULTING INTERNATIONAL Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia Preface A report prepared for the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management (PREM) Unit of the World Bank by Agrifood Consulting International. This report1 presents the results of a study into the rice value chain in Cambodia. It is one of two reports looking at rice value chains in Cambodia and Viet Nam2. The objective of the two country rice studies is to assess the current situation (constraints, costs, efficiency, quality) of the rice markets and rice sector value-chains in Viet Nam and Cambodia with a view to diagnosing issues and proposing policy options, strategies, and practices by which the competitiveness of the rice sector in each country can be enhanced. This is done with a view to proposing means by which returns to producers and the value added by the sector in each country can be enhanced. The studies pay particular attention to how such policies, strategies, and practices may benefit poorer populations engaged in this sector, such as small farmers. They also pay particular attention to issues of quality and strategic international marketing of the product that would increase domestic value added. In so doing, the country studies take into account regional differences within countries, as well as differences in rice varieties and their prospects in global markets. The fieldwork for the studies was carried out over four weeks in July and August 2002 (Cambodia from 10 July to 24 July and Viet Nam from 24 July to 8 August). The studies involved the analysis of background data, field trips and key informant interviews with people involved in all sectors of the rice chain. The report for Cambodia is the result of a joint effort by the Study Team of Tim Purcell and Karl Rich of Agrifood Consulting International. The Study Team would like to thank all those people who assisted in providing information and help in completing the report. In particular the team would like to express their appreciation to Mr. Srey Vuthi, Chief, Mr. Lim Saody, Vice Chief, and the staff of the Office of Agricultural Marketing, MAFF, for the excellent support and sharing of information. The views expressed in this report are those of the consultants and do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank or the Royal Government of Cambodia. Francesco Goletti President, Agrifood Consulting International Phnom Penh, Cambodia 13 September 2002 AGRIFOOD CONSULTING INTERNATIONAL 1 Agrifood Consulting International (2002) Rice Value Chain Study: Cambodia. A Report Prepared for the World Bank. Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Agrifood Consulting International. 2 Agrifood Consulting International (2002) Rice Value Chain Study: Viet Nam. A Report Prepared for the World Bank. Ha Noi, Viet Nam. Agrifood Consulting International. www.agrifoodconsulting.com 2 Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia Table of Contents Preface................................................................................................................................2 Table of Contents................................................................................................................3 List of Tables.......................................................................................................................5 List of Figures......................................................................................................................9 List of Boxes......................................................................................................................11 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms..................................................................................12 Executive Summary..........................................................................................................13 1 Introduction................................................................................................................15 2 Background to Study..................................................................................................17 3 Global Rice Trade and Major Issues..........................................................................19 3.1 Major Exporters...................................................................................................19 3.2 Major Importers...................................................................................................20 4 Overview of the Rice Industry in Cambodia...............................................................22 4.1 Topography and Climate.....................................................................................22 4.2 Demographics and the Agricultural Sector..........................................................22 4.3 Rice and Rural Poverty in Cambodia..................................................................23 4.4 Production...........................................................................................................25 4.5 Prices..................................................................................................................27 4.6 Trade..................................................................................................................28 4.7 Credit Services....................................................................................................29 4.7.1 Major Rural Credit Providers in Cambodia......................................................30 4.7.2 Credit Access and Uses in the Rice Value Chain............................................32 4.7.2.1 Credit Access and Uses by Farmers....................................................32 4.7.2.2 Credit Access and Uses by Millers.......................................................33 4.7.2.3 Credit Access and Uses by Traders and Wholesalers..........................33 4.7.2.4 Credit Access and Uses by Retailers ...................................................34 4.7.2.5 Credit Access and Uses by Exporters..................................................34 4.7.3 Issues and Constraints in the Provision of Credit in Cambodia.......................34 5 Value Chain...............................................................................................................36 5.1 Overview.............................................................................................................36 5.2 Value Chain Analysis..........................................................................................38 5.2.1 Producers........................................................................................................38 5.2.1.1 Seed Inputs..........................................................................................38 5.2.1.2 Fertilizer Inputs.....................................................................................40 5.2.1.3 Pesticide Inputs....................................................................................42 5.2.1.4 Irrigation Inputs.....................................................................................43 5.2.1.5 Labor Inputs..........................................................................................44 5.2.1.6 Costs and Margins................................................................................45 5.2.1.7 Constraints...........................................................................................46 5.2.2 Collectors........................................................................................................51 5.2.2.1 Costs and Margins................................................................................52 5.2.2.2 Constraints...........................................................................................52 5.2.3 Millers..............................................................................................................54 5.2.3.1 Costs and Margins................................................................................57 5.2.3.2 Constraints...........................................................................................58 5.2.4 Traders............................................................................................................62 5.2.4.1 Transportation......................................................................................62 5.2.4.2 Trade Flows..........................................................................................63 5.2.4.3 Institutional Purchases..........................................................................68 www.agrifoodconsulting.com 3 Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia 5.2.4.4 Storage.................................................................................................69 5.2.4.5 Costs and Margins................................................................................70 5.2.4.6 Constraints...........................................................................................70 5.2.5 Retailers..........................................................................................................73 5.2.5.1 Costs and Margins................................................................................74 5.2.5.2 Constraints...........................................................................................74 5.2.6 Exporters.........................................................................................................75 5.2.6.1 Costs and Margins................................................................................75 5.2.6.2 Constraints...........................................................................................76 5.2.7 End Users .......................................................................................................77 5.3 Marketing Margins..............................................................................................78 5.4 Marketing Chain..................................................................................................79 6 Competitiveness and Comparative Advantage of Cambodian Rice...........................80 7 Policy Simulations and Analysis Using CAMSEM......................................................82 7.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................82 7.2 Description and Specification of CAMSEM.........................................................83 7.2.1 Price Block......................................................................................................83 7.2.2 Supply Block....................................................................................................84 7.2.3 Consumption Block.........................................................................................85 7.2.4 Income Block...................................................................................................86 7.2.5 Market Clearing...............................................................................................86 7.3 Policy Simulations...............................................................................................86 7.3.1 Simulation results............................................................................................87 7.3.1.1 Improvements in Productivity................................................................87 7.3.1.2 Improvements in Technology................................................................87 7.3.1.3 Improvements in Infrastructure.............................................................88 7.4 Conclusions........................................................................................................89 8 Major Constraints and Recommendations.................................................................90 9 Conclusions...............................................................................................................94 10 Tables...................................................................................................................101 11 Figures.................................................................................................................183 References......................................................................................................................234 Terms of Reference ........................................................................................................239 List of Interviews .............................................................................................................243 www.agrifoodconsulting.com 4 Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia List of Tables Table 1 Purchase Price for Seed Grown Under Contract to Golden Seed Company........49 Table 2 World Production of Rice, 1997/98-2001/02.......................................................101 Table 3 World Production of Rice, Selected Countries, 1997/98-2001/02 ......................101 Table 4 World Rice Trade, Selected Countries, 1997/98-2001/02..................................102 Table 5 Comparison of Thailand and Viet Nam prices for high-quality (5 and 15 percent broken) rice..............................................................................................................103 Table 6 Percentage of High-Quality Rice Exported by Viet Nam, 1994-1998.................103 Table 7 Destinations for U.S. Exports of Rice, 2000/01..................................................103 Table 8 Export Prices for Cambodian Rice - by Variety, 1 August 2002.........................103 Table 9 Export Prices for Rice - Selected Countries, by Variety and Grade – August 2002 .................................................................................................................................104 Table 10 Basic Indicators................................................................................................104 Table 11 Share of Agricultural Sectors in GDP (Current Prices).....................................105 Table 12 Employment, Income and Expenditure - 1999 .................................................105 Table 13 Agricultural Population and Households...........................................................106 Table 14 Performance of Annual Crops Over Time 1991 to 2000...................................107 Table 15 Poverty Levels in Selected Provinces..............................................................108 Table 16 Sources of Growth of Agricultural Gross Value Added.....................................108 Table 17 Average Monthly Household Expenditure by Area, 1997 and 1999.................108 Table 18 1997 Social Indicators of Selected Southeast Asian Countries........................109 Table 19 Expenditure Shares, by Decile of per Capita Consumption..............................109 Table 20 Average Monthly Household Income by Household Income Decile and Stratum, 1999.........................................................................................................................110 Table 21 Contributions to Income from Different Sources...............................................110 Table 22 Human Development Index in Cambodia by Province (1997)..........................111 Table 23 Characteristics of Rice Production Systems.....................................................112 Table 24 Coefficients for Rice Production and Food Balance.........................................113 Table 25 Milling Recovery by Custom and Commercial Mills..........................................113 Table 26 Milling Efficiency of Custom and Commercial Mills..........................................113 Table 27 Milling Recovery Rates, Selected Custom and Commercial Mills....................113 Table 28 Post Harvest Losses - Commercial and Custom Mill Sector............................113 Table 29 Post Harvest Losses by Province.....................................................................114 Table 30 Food Balance for Rice Production – 1992 - 2001.............................................115 Table 31 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2000-2001 – Area Planted .................................................................................................................................116 Table 32 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2000-2001 – Area Destroyed .................................................................................................................................117 Table 33 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2000-2001 – Harvesting and Production................................................................................................................118 Table 34 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2000-2001 – Requirements and Food Balance....................................................................................................119 Table 35 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2001-2002 - Area Planted .................................................................................................................................120 Table 36 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2001-2002 - Area Destroyed .................................................................................................................................121 Table 37 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2001-2002 - Harvesting and Production................................................................................................................122 Table 38 Provincial Rice Crop Assessment for Food Balance 2001-2002 - Requirements and Food Balance....................................................................................................123 www.agrifoodconsulting.com 5 Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia Table 39 Monthly Mill Paddy Prices - Cambodia.............................................................124 Table 40 Monthly Wholesale Rice Prices - Cambodia ....................................................125 Table 41 Monthly Wholesale Rice Prices – Cambodia – Continued...............................126 Table 42 Interest rates in Cambodia, 1996-2001 (%)......................................................127 Table 43 Leading Organizations in the Provision of Rural Credit (December 2000).......127 Table 44 Relative Adoption of Traditional and Improved Varieties of Rice......................128 Table 45 Farmer Reasons for Adoption of IR66..............................................................128 Table 46 Historical Profiles of CAR Varieties..................................................................128 Table 47 Estimated Area Grown to CAR Varieties, Wet Season 2000 ...........................128 Table 48 Characteristics of Selected Rice Varieties Released by CARDI.......................129 Table 49 Seed Classification Systems............................................................................130 Table 50 Production of Seed by CARDI 2000 – 2001 (tonnes).......................................130 Table 51 Purchasers of CAR Varieties from CARDI .......................................................130 Table 52 Production of Certified Seed by AQIP Seed Companies, 2001........................130 Table 53 Reasons for Using Traditional/Improved Varieties...........................................131 Table 54 Source of Seeds...............................................................................................131 Table 55 Utilization of Production....................................................................................131 Table 56 Fertilizer Application Rates...............................................................................132 Table 57 Fertilizers Imported and Distributed by AIC, 1993-2000...................................132 Table 58 Mean Monthly Fertilizer Prices, 1999-2000......................................................132 Table 59 Coefficient of Variation in Fertilizer Prices 1999-2000......................................133 Table 60 Import of Agrochemicals Approved by MAFF in 2001......................................133 Table 61 Pesticide Application Rates..............................................................................133 Table 62 Pesticides Imported and Distributed by AIC between 1980 and 1993..............134 Table 63 Imports and Exports of Rice and Fertilizer - 1990-1999...................................135 Table 64 Mean Monthly Pesticide Prices 1999-2000......................................................135 Table 65 Coefficient of Variation in Pesticide Prices 1999-2000.....................................136 Table 66 Monthly Record of Rice Pest Outbreaks in Cambodian Provinces - 1999........137 Table 67 Rodent Control Measures in Cambodia...........................................................138 Table 68 Irrigation Specifications....................................................................................139 Table 69 Existing irrigation schemes in Cambodia..........................................................140 Table 70 Gross Margins and Proportion of Production Costs for Rice Production..........141 Table 71 Financial Model of Rice Production Systems in Cambodia - 2000...................142 Table 72 Partial Budget for Rice, Single Crop - Takeo Province.....................................142 Table 73 Partial Budget for Rice - Kampong Speu Province...........................................143 Table 74 Partial Budget for Rice - Battambang Province................................................144 Table 75 Partial Budget for Model Rice Cropping System, Tungke Village, Takeo.........145 Table 76 Income from Rice Production in Tungke Village, Takeo...................................145 Table 77 Costs and Returns Wet Season Rice 1997-1998.............................................146 Table 78 Costs and Returns Dry Season Rice 1997-1998..............................................146 Table 79 Percentage of Major Cost Components, Wet Season Crop 1997-1998...........146 Table 80 Percentage of Major Cost Components, Dry Season Crop 1997-1998............146 Table 81 Farmer Consumption and Sales of Paddy........................................................147 Table 82 Partial Budget for Paddy Collector, Takeo.......................................................147 Table 83 Characteristics of Custom and Commercial Rice Mills, Business Structure,....148 Table 84 Characteristics of Custom and Commercial Rice Mills, Financial Management and Financial Planning Capacity..............................................................................148 Table 85 Characteristics of Custom and Commercial Rice Mills, Mill Production, Technology and Operations.....................................................................................149 Table 86 Technical Characteristics of Custom Mills........................................................149 Table 87 Technical Characteristics of Commercial Mills.................................................149 Table 88 Sales of Milling By-Products - 2001..................................................................150 www.agrifoodconsulting.com 6 Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia Table 89 Estimated Milling Capacity 1998-1999.............................................................150 Table 90 Financial Sources for Millers............................................................................150 Table 91 Performance of Cambodian Rice Mills 1999....................................................151 Table 92 Sales of White Rice by Millers..........................................................................151 Table 93 Mill Utilization Rates - 2000..............................................................................151 Table 94 Number of Mills by Province - 2000..................................................................151 Table 95 Partial Budgets for Custom Millers in Takeo, Kampong Speu, and Battambang .................................................................................................................................152 Table 96 Sensitivity Analysis to Assess Break-even Capacity for Kampong Speu Mill...152 Table 97 Partial Budgets for Commercial Millers in Kampong Speu, Takeo, and Battambang..............................................................................................................153 Table 98 Partial Budgets for Custom Mills......................................................................154 Table 99 Partial Budgets for Commercial Mills................................................................155 Table 100 Summary of Constraints in the Milling Sector in Cambodia............................156 Table 101 Volume of Transport in Cambodia - 1993-1999 .............................................156 Table 102 Transportation and Traffic Problems..............................................................157 Table 103 Transportation Costs - Cambodia 1998-2002 ................................................158 Table 104 Fee Collection at Roadblocks, July - August 2000.........................................159 Table 105 Fee Collection on Paddy Trade to Thailand - 2002........................................159 Table 106 Cost of Transportation and Unofficial Costs July 2002...................................160 Table 107 Places and Features for Paddy Trade with Thailand and Viet Nam...............161 Table 108 Trade Flows of Rice and Paddy.....................................................................161 Table 109 Partial Budget for Transporter from Battambang to Phnom Penh and Viet Nam .................................................................................................................................162 Table 110 Fee Collection on Paddy Trade in Takeo Province - 2000.............................162 Table 111 Cambodia - Vietnam Cross Border Trade in Paddy.......................................163 Table 112 Rice Procurement Contract Details - Police and Army, 2000.........................163 Table 113 Rice procurement and distribution by the World Food Program.....................163 Table 114 Rice Procurement Contract Details – World Food Program, March 2000......164 Table 115 Warehouse Storage for Rice..........................................................................164 Table 116 Wholesale of Rice in Phnom Penh - July 2002 ..............................................164 Table 117 Buying and Sale Price of Imported Jasmine Rice from Thailand....................165 Table 118 Wholesaler Partial Budget - Phnom Penh......................................................166 Table 119 Transportation and Traffic Problems..............................................................167 Table 120 Comparison of Retailers in Cambodia............................................................167 Table 121 Breakdown of Rice Sales by Variety, Sample of Phnom Penh Retailers July 2002.........................................................................................................................167 Table 122 Retail Prices of Rice, by Variety, Sample of Phnom Penh Retailers July 2002 .................................................................................................................................168 Table 123 Retail Prices for Various Rice Varieties, 2001................................................168 Table 124 Margins for Rice Sales by Retailers - 1998....................................................168 Table 125 Preferences for Different Varieties of Rice in Cambodia................................169 Table 126 Summary of Constraints in the Retail Sector in Cambodia.............................169 Table 127 Export Amount & Turnover, 1996-2000..........................................................169 Table 128 Comparison of Transportation Costs for Export from Phnom Penh, 2001-2002 .................................................................................................................................169 Table 129 Potential Export Costs from Kampong Speu and Battambang.......................170 Table 130 Export Costs from Phnom Penh to Sihanouk Ville - 2001..............................170 Table 131 Cost of Milled Rice Export Procedures...........................................................170 Table 132 Estimated Partial Budget for Large Rice Exporter, Phnom Penh...................171 Table 133 Summary of Constraints on Exports in Cambodia..........................................171 Table 134 Preference Criteria for Purchasing Rice.........................................................171 www.agrifoodconsulting.com 7 Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia Table 135 Consumer and Restaurant Preferences for Rice - 2001.................................172 Table 136 Marketing Costs and Margins for Rice, 1998 .................................................172 Table 137 Marketing Costs and Margins for Rice, 2002 .................................................172 Table 138 Summary Table for Rice Marketing Margins..................................................173 Table 139 Computation of NPCs for Various Provinces and Varieties of Rice................173 Table 140 DRC Computations for Cambodian Rice........................................................173 Table 141 Tradable Input Costs for DRC and NPC Calculations....................................174 Table 142 Non-tradable Input Costs for DRC and NPC Calculation...............................175 Table 143 Calculation of DRC and NPC.........................................................................176 Table 144 Sets Used in CAMSEM.................................................................................177 Table 145 Variables Used in CAMSEM ..........................................................................177 Table 146 Simulation 1a: Changes in Prices by Commodity...........................................178 Table 147 Simulation 1a: Changes in Production, Consumption and Trade by Commodity .................................................................................................................................178 Table 148 Simulation 1a: Changes in Income.................................................................178 Table 149 Simulation 1b: Changes in Prices by Commodity...........................................178 Table 150 Simulation 1b: Changes in Production, Consumption and Trade by Commodity .................................................................................................................................179 Table 151 Simulation 1b: Changes in Income.................................................................179 Table 152 Simulation 2a: Changes in Prices by Commodity...........................................179 Table 153 Simulation 2a: Changes in Production, Consumption and Trade by Commodity .................................................................................................................................179 Table 154 Simulation 2a: Changes in Income.................................................................179 Table 155 Simulation 2b: Changes in Prices by Commodity...........................................180 Table 156 Simulation 2b: Changes in Production, Consumption and Trade by Commodity .................................................................................................................................180 Table 157 Simulation 2b: Changes in Income.................................................................180 Table 158 Simulation 3a: Changes in Prices by Commodity...........................................180 Table 159 Simulation 3a: Changes in Production, Consumption and Trade by Commodity .................................................................................................................................181 Table 160 Simulation 3a: Changes in Income.................................................................181 Table 161 Simulation 3b: Changes in Prices by Commodity...........................................181 Table 162 Simulation 3b: Changes in Production, Consumption and Trade by Commodity .................................................................................................................................181 Table 163 Simulation 3b: Changes in Income.................................................................181 Table 164 Major Constraints in the Cambodian Rice Sector...........................................182 Table 165 List of Interviews.............................................................................................243 Table 166 List of Interviews - Continued.........................................................................244 www.agrifoodconsulting.com 8 Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia List of Figures Figure 1 Rice Cropping Patterns.....................................................................................183 Figure 2 Average Rainfall and Temperature, Phnom Penh.............................................184 Figure 3 Cambodia by Province......................................................................................185 Figure 4 Provinces and Regions of Cambodia................................................................186 Figure 5 Poverty Map of Cambodia – Human Development Index Score.......................187 Figure 6 Production of Paddy and Rice, Food Requirements and Food Balance...........188 Figure 7 Food Balance in Cambodia – 2000-2001..........................................................189 Figure 8 Area of Wet Season Crop under Cultivation 2000-2001...................................190 Figure 9 Area of Dry Season Crop under Cultivation 2000-2001....................................191 Figure 10 Food Balance in Cambodia – 2001-2002........................................................192 Figure 11 Area of Wet Season Crop under Cultivation 2001-2002.................................193 Figure 12 Area of Dry Season Crop under Cultivation 2001-2002..................................194 Figure 13 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Banteay Meanchey.............195 Figure 14 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Battambang........................196 Figure 15 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Kampong Cham..................197 Figure 16 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Kampong Chhnang.............198 Figure 17 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Kampot and Kandal............199 Figure 18 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Phnom Penh.......................200 Figure 19 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Prey Veng...........................201 Figure 20 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Siem Reap..........................202 Figure 21 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Sihanouk Ville.....................203 Figure 22 Monthly Paddy and Wholesale Prices for Rice – Takeo..................................204 Figure 23 Relationship Between Different Measures of Farm Profitability ......................205 Figure 24 Internal Rate of Return for the Investment in Tubewell and Pump..................206 Figure 25 Commercial Lending to Agriculture in Cambodia, 1998-2001.........................207 Figure 26 Relationship Between Sales of Paddy and Provincial Food Balance 2001-2002 .................................................................................................................................208 Figure 27 Monthly Market Prices for 15-15-15 Fertilizer, Cambodia...............................209 Figure 28 Monthly Market Prices for 16-20-0 Fertilizer, Cambodia.................................210 Figure 29 Monthly Market Prices for 18-46-0 Fertilizer, Cambodia.................................211 Figure 30 Monthly Market Prices for Urea Fertilizer, Cambodia......................................212 Figure 31 Monthly Market Prices for 2,4D Pesticide, Cambodia.....................................213 Figure 32 Monthly Market Prices for Azodrin Pesticide, Cambodia.................................214 Figure 33 Monthly Market Prices for DDT Pesticide, Cambodia.....................................215 Figure 34 Monthly Market Prices for DDVP Pesticide, Cambodia...................................216 Figure 35 Monthly Market Prices for Desil and Diazinon Pesticide, Cambodia...............217 Figure 36 Monthly Market Prices for Hypermetrin Pesticide, Cambodia.........................218 Figure 37 Monthly Market Prices for Phosphidezinc Pesticide, Cambodia .....................219 Figure 38 Monthly Market Prices for Photrin Pesticide, Cambodia.................................220 Figure 39 Monthly Market Prices for Sumisidin and Trifon Pesticide, Cambodia............221 Figure 40 Number of Registered Commercial Mills in Cambodia 1994-2000..................222 Figure 41 Number of Registered Custom Mills in Cambodia 1994-2000 ........................223 Figure 42 Road Network in Cambodia............................................................................224 Figure 43 River Network in Cambodia ............................................................................225 Figure 44 Graph of Transport Fees for Rice/Paddy in Cambodia for Selected Transport Routes......................................................................................................................226 Figure 45 Marketing Channels in Battambang, Takeo and Kampong Speu Provinces...227 Figure 46 Trade Flows of Rice and Paddy in Cambodia.................................................228 Figure 47 Trade Flows of Rice and Paddy in Cambodia (1998-1999).............................229 www.agrifoodconsulting.com 9 Rice Value Chain Study - Cambodia Figure 48 Costs and Margins for Rice Marketing Chain 1998-99, Phaka Khgney Variety .................................................................................................................................230 Figure 49 Costs and Margins for Rice Marketing Chain 1998-99, Neang Menh Variety.231 Figure 50 Marketing Chain for Cambodia........................................................................232 Figure 51 Framework for Industry Policy.........................................................................233 www.agrifoodconsulting.com 10