PATHOGENIC AND GENETIC VARIABILITY IN Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Swings et al. AND THE MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL BLIGHT DISEASE By S.M. PURUSHOTHAMAN THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture Kerala Agricultural University Department of Plant Pathology COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE VELLANIKKARA, THRISSUR - 680 656 KERALA, INDIA 2013 1 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis entitled “Pathogenic and genetic variability in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Swings et al. and the management of bacterial blight disease” is a bonafide record of research work done by me during the course of research and that the thesis has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, fellowship or other similar title, of any other university or society. Vellanikkara S.M. Purushothaman Date: 31.01.2013 (2006-21-110) 2 Dr. T.J. Rehumath Niza (Major Advisor, Advisory Committee) Professor (Plant Pathology) Krishi Vigyan Kendra Thrissur CERTIFICATE Certified that this thesis, entitled “Pathogenic and genetic variability in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Swings et al. and the management of bacterial blight disease” is a record of research work done independently by Sri. S.M. Purushothaman (2006-21-110) under my guidance and supervision and that it has not previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, fellowship or associateship to him. Vellanikkara Dr. T.J. Rehumath Niza 31.01.2013 (Major Advisor, Advisory Committee) 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The humble researcher bows his head before the God Almighty. I am ineffable in expressing my deep sense of gratitude, respect, admiration and obligation to Prof. (Dr.) T.J. Rehumath Niza, Professor, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Thrissur and my Research Advisor. Her vision, prayers and diligent efforts were the spring board and guiding light for this investigation. Her academic and research brilliance in rice, supplemented by her empathetic approach, wise counsel, commitment and indefatigable stamina have gone a long way in molding this thesis. I will always remember the extreme patience, understanding and affection shown by her. I consider myself very fortunate in having the privilege of being guided by her. I am most grateful to Prof. (Dr.) Koshy Abraham, Head, Department of Plant Pathology, for the meticulous help, unwavering encouragement, forbearance, well timed support and critical scrutiny of the manuscript which has helped a lot for the improvement and preparation of the thesis. It gives me heartfelt pleasure in placing on record and sincere expression of deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Sally K Mathew, Professor and former Head, Department of Plant Pathology for her meticulous supervision, keen interest, candid suggestions and abundant affection evinced during the course of this study. I am delighted to acknowledge my other advisory committee members Prof. (Dr.) S. Ravi, Associate Director (Extension), and Prof. (Dr.) D. Girija, Head, Department of Microbiology for their sustained help rendered during the course of this research work. I thankfully acknowledge Prof. (Dr.) S. Beena, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara for her affection, good guidance and well timed support which has helped a lot for the improvement and preparation of the thesis. I earnestly keep on record the encouragement and all the advice and help rendered by Prof. (Dr.) Sheela Paul, Dr. Vimi Louis, Associate Professor, Dr. Surendragopal, Associate Professor and Dr. Sainamole Kurien, Associate Professor. 4 My sincere and profound thanks to Prof. S. Krishnan and Prof. (Dr.) P. Ahamed, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara for their help and encouragement. I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. M. Surendran, Assistant Professor, RRS, Moncompu for his valuable assistance during the field work and support during the course of study. The encouragement and help rendered by the Ph.D scholars Mrs. Deepa James, Mrs. Gleena Mary, C.F. and Ms. Remya, J.S. are gratefully acknowledged. I am thankful to Prof. (Dr.) P.V. Balachandran, Prof. (Dr.) Pathummal Beevi, Prof. (Dr.) I. John Kutty, and Prof. (Dr.) Jyothi, M.L., who were the Associate Directors of Research in RARS, Pattambi during the course of this Doctoral programme, for permitting and encouraging me to take up this research endeavour, besides rendering the facilities. I wish to place on record the help rendered to me by my colleagues of RARS Pattambi, Dr. Ilangovan Ramaswamy, Associate Professor (Agronomy), Dr.K.Karthikeyan, Associate Professor, Sri. B.Ranjan and Dr. Ambili S Nair, Assistant Professors and Sri. Rajasekharan, Farm superintendent, RARS, Pattambi. The sincere and toiling farmers of the 14 locations of the survey deserve special mention and obligation for being with me during the field investigation, despite their busy schedule. I am deeply obliged to the authorities of the Kerala Agricultural University for permitting me to do this Doctoral work as an in-service candidate. My friends Mr. Nithin and Mr. Shebin of the Centre for E-Learning; Mr. Dhanesh, Senior PG Student of Agricultural Statistics, and Mr. Aravind of the Students’ Computer Lab of the College of Horticulture; and Mr. Gopi of Kala Studio, Pattambi 5 have made untiring efforts in the photography, printing and graphics works of the thesis. I owe them a lot. Finally, I must once again and forever acknowledge that I am eternally grateful to the Almighty God who drives me along. S.M. Purushothaman 6 CONTENTS Chapter No. Title Page No. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 4 RESULTS 5 DISCUSSION 6 SUMMARY 7 REFERENCES 8 APPENDICES 9 ABSTRACT 7 LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page No No. 1. Occurrence of bacterial blight disease in three districts of Kerala X.oryzae pv.oryzae isolates obtained from different locations of 2. Kerala Cultural and morphological characteristics of rice bacterial blight 3. isolates 4. Biochemical characters of the bacterial blight disease Bacterial blight reaction of Athimani isolate on twenty cultivated rice 5.1 varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Erattakulam isolate on twenty cultivated 5.2 rice varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Kodallur isolate on twenty cultivated rice 5.3 varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Manchira isolate on twenty cultivated rice 5.4 varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Nenmara isolate on twenty cultivated rice 5.5 varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Parali isolate on twenty cultivated rice 5.6 varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Pattambi isolate on twenty cultivated rice 5.7 varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Polpully isolate on twenty cultivated rice 5.8 varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Akamala isolate on twenty cultivated rice 5.9 varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Kodakara isolate on twenty cultivated rice 5.10 varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Mannuthy isolate on twenty cultivated 5.11 8 rice varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Edathua isolate on twenty cultivated rice 5.12 varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Karuvatta isolate on twenty cultivated rice 5.13 varieties Bacterial blight reaction of Moncombu isolate on twenty cultivated 5.14 rice varieties Pathogenic variability of X.oryzae pv.oryzae isolates on different rice 6 varieties Reaction of Makaram variety to fourteen isolates of X.oryzae 7 pv.oryzae Bacterial blight reaction of Athimani isolate on near isogenic lines and 8.1 rice differentials Bacterial blight reaction of Erattakulam isolate on near isogenic lines 8.2 and rice differentials Bacterial blight reaction of Kodallur isolate on near isogenic lines 8.3 and rice differentials Bacterial blight reaction of Manchira isolate on near isogenic lines 8.4 and rice differentials Bacterial blight reaction of Nenmara isolate on near isogenic lines 8.5 and rice differentials Bacterial blight reaction of Parali isolate on near isogenic lines and 8.6 rice differentials Bacterial blight reaction of Pattambi isolate on near isogenic lines and 8.7 rice differentials Bacterial blight reaction of Polpully isolate on near isogenic lines and 8.8 rice differentials Bacterial blight reaction of Akamala isolate on near isogenic lines 8.9 and rice differentials Bacterial blight reaction of Kodakara isolate on near isogenic lines 8.10 and rice differentials 9 Bacterial blight reaction of Mannuthy isolate on near isogenic lines 8.11 and rice differentials Bacterial blight reaction of Edathua isolate on near isogenic lines and 8.12 rice differentials Bacterial blight reaction of Karuvatta isolate on near isogenic lines 8.13 and rice differentials Bacterial blight reaction of Moncombu isolate on near isogenic lines 8.14 and rice differentials Pathogenic variability of X.oryzae pv.oryzae isolates on near isogenic 9a lines and rice differentials Reaction of near isogenic line IRBB-60 to fourteen isolates of 9b X.oryzae pv.oryzae Kresek symptom development of Athimani isolate on twenty 10.1 cultivated rice varieties Kresek symptom development of Erattakulam isolate on twenty 10.2 cultivated rice varieties Kresek symptom development of Kodallur isolate on twenty 10.3 cultivated rice varieties Kresek symptom development of Manchira isolate on twenty 10.4 cultivated rice varieties Kresek symptom development of Nenmara isolate on twenty 10.5 cultivated rice varieties Kresek symptom development of Parali isolate on twenty cultivated 10.6 rice varieties Kresek symptom development of Pattambi isolate on twenty 10.7 cultivated rice varieties Kresek symptom development of Polpully isolate on twenty 10.8 cultivated rice varieties Kresek symptom development of Akamala isolate on twenty 10.9 cultivated rice varieties 10