RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH Status Paper on Rice in Andhra Pradesh Dr. C. Cheralu Principal Scientist (Rice Breeding) Regional Agricultural Research Station, ANGR Agricultural University, Warangal 506 007, AP, India Page | 1 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217 RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH Introduction Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in India accounting for 9 and 8 per cent of the country’s area and population, respectively. The state has agriculturally prosperous area in the coastal districts (9 districts), an economically and socially backward area in Telangana (10 districts), a drought prone area in Rayalaseema (4 districts) and a fairly extended tribal belt, along the Northern and North-Eastern regions. Andhra Pradesh has three major river basins (Krishna, Godavari and Pennar) and five other smaller ones drains in to the Bay of Bengal. The state has 972 km long coastal line, generally even, along its eastern border, abutting the Bay of Bengal. Rice is the Principal food crop cultivated throughout the state providing food for its growing population, fodder to the cattle and employment to the rural masses. Any decline in its hectarage and production will have a perceivable impact on the state’s economy and food security. In A.P rice is mostly cultivated under irrigated eco-system under canals (52%), tube wells (19.31) tanks (16.2%), other wells (8.8%) and other sources (3.7%). III. Zonal information a. Climate By virtue of its location and climate, Andhra Pradesh represents a transition from tropical to sub tropical zone of the country. The climate is predominantly semi arid to arid, except for the coastal region on the east coast which has humid to sub humid climate. Hot weather (summer) prevails from March to May, South West mansoon June to September, North east mansoon-October to December and winter December to February. Temperature ranges from 8oC to 46oC . b. Soil type/Nutrient management Andhra Pradesh is endowed with a wide variety of soils, ranging from less fertile coastal sands to highly fertile and productive deltaic alluvia (enti soils/verti sols) of the Godavari, Krishna and Pennar rivers and the red (alfisol) and black (verti sols) soils, developed from different parent materials. The six major soil groups present in the state are red soils (Alfi sols 65%), black soils (verti sols 25%), alluvial soils (Entisols and verti sols 5%) Coastal sands (Enti sols 3%), laterite and lataitic soils (Oxisols) and problem soils (Alfi sols & Incepti sols 1%) including saline, saline alkali and non saline-alkali soils. Page | 2 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217 RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH c. Rainfall and its distribution pattern Rainfall of Andhra Pradesh is influenced by both South West and North-East mansoons. The average rainfall of the state is 925 mm, varying from about 520 mm in Anantapur district to 1160 mm in Vizianagaram and East Godavari districts. In some years, Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, East Godavari, Adilabad and Khammam districts have recorded 1400 to 1500 mm rainfall. The distribution of annual rainfall in the state as a whole is about 69% during South West monsoon, 22% during North-East mansoon and 9% during winter and hot weather months. d. Agro climatic zones Andhra Pradesh state has been divided into 9 Agro-climatic zones based on the amount and distribution of rainfall pattern. 1. North Coastal Zone: Consists of most parts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam districts with regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Anakapalli as regional centre. This zone receives 1000-1100mm rainfall and possesses 12.6% of rice area.. 2. Godavari Zone: Comprising East and West Godavari districts with regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Maruteru as regional centre. Annual rainfall varies from 800-1100 mm and has 46.5% of rice area of the state.. 3. Krishna Zone : Consists of Krishna, Guntur, Parts of Prakasham, Krammam and Nalgonda with Regional Agricultural Research Station, (RARS), Lam as regional centre. Important soil groups are deltaic Alluvium, red soils with clay base, black cotton soils, red loamy coastal sands and saline soils. 4. Northern Telangana Zone: Comprising Adilabad, Nizamabad and Karimnagar with Regional Agricultural Research Station, (RARS), Jagtial as regional centre. Rain fall varies from 900-1150 mm and rice occupies 16% of rice area of the state. 5. Central Telangana Zone: Consisting of Warangal, Medak and Khammam with Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Warangal as regional centre. 6. Southern Telangana Zone: Comprising the districts of Hyderabad Rangareddy, Mahboobnagar, Nalgonda with Regional Agricultural Research Station, (RARS) at Palem as regional centre. This zone receives 700-900 mm rain fall and has 9.3% of rice area of the state. Page | 3 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217 RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH 7. Southern Zone: Includes the districts of Nellore, Chittoor Cadapah with Regional Agricultural Research (RARS), at Tirupathi as regional centre. Annual rainfall varies from 700-1000 mm and has about 12.6% of rice area of the state. 8. Scarce rainfall zone: Consisting of the districts of Kurnool, Anantapur, Prakasham parts of Cudapah and Mahboobnagar with Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS) at Nandyal as Regional Centre . This zone has 3.8% of rice area. The average annual rainfall ranges from 500-700mm. 9. High Altitude and Tribal area zone: Covering areas lying along the Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari and Khammam district with Regional Agricultural Research Station, Chintapalli as Regional centre. This zone receives high rainfall of over 1400 mm. e) Rice and cultural heritage in the state : Rice has a great cultural heritage . Many preparations viz., payasam,paravannam, ondrallu, arshalu, laddulu etc., are prepared and offered to the God at the time of worshipping. Rice is one among Navadhanyalu at the time of construction of houses (Bhoomipooja) and navagraha pooja.Rice is used as THALAMBRALU and AKSHANTHALU while mixing in turmeric powder and also used as VADIBIYYAM.Rice flakes (palalu) are used at the time of taking the deadbody to graveyard. Basumathi rice is a geographical indicator . IV. Rice production Scenario • Area: Area under rice mostly depends on the mansoon pattern and availability of water in reservoirs. Area under rice was high during 2008-09 (43.87 l.ha) and lowest is in 2002-03 (28.22 l.ha) Table-1. There is no scope for increasing area under rice and rice area is replaced by some profitable dry crops due to in sufficient water. Rice is grown in 28% of gross cropped area and 50% of area under food crops round the year in all the districts. Though there is a rise and fall of area and production of rice based on water availability, but there is a constant increase in productivity. In the context of food security such decline in area and production is not good to meet the future rice requirement. In the coastal districts the area under rice is declining because of aquaculture activities. • Production: Rice production depends up on the seasonal conditions prevailing during that particular year. Sofar highest production was realized (140.10 l.t) during 2008-09 and lowest (73.29 l.t) during 2002-03. In the basal production, contribution of superfine varieties is 62% followed by 25% of fine Page | 4 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217 RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH varieties and the rest from common varieties. It is expected that about 20 lakh tones of fine rice would be exported from the state. More rice is produced in East Godavari (17.01 l.t), West Godavari (16.71 l.t), Krishna (11.42 l.t), Karimnagar (10.87 l.t), Guntur (10.27 l.t) and lowest in Ranga Reddy (1.04). • Productivity, Ecosystem wise : In A.P rice productivity is 3333 kg/ha compared to 2001 kg/ha (India) and 4112 kg/ha (world). Rice productivity is highest in Nellore district (4473kg/ha) followed by East Godavari (4028 kg/ha), West Godavari (3928 kg/ha) and lowest in Vishakhapatnam (2075 kg/ha). The crop is grown in three ecosystems viz., irrigated ecosystem (50.6%), rainfed low land (43.8%) and rainfed uplands (5.6%) . In A.P realized yields are above state average in 9 districts i.e., Nellore (4473 kg/ha), East Godavari (4028 kg/ha), West Godavari (3928 kg/ha), Prakasham (3779 kg/ha), Nizamabad (3629 kg/ha), Nalgonda (3555 kg/ha), Adilabad (3878 kg/ha), Guntur (3468 kg/ha), Khammam (3376 kg/ha) and in 13 districts yields are less than the state average and lowest in Vishakhapatnam district (2075 kg/ha). • Yield gap and its reasons: Most of the varieties already released and recommended are capable of yielding 4.0 to 5.0 t/ha of rice under field conditions against the average yield of 3.43 t/ha being achieved by the state. Thus, there still exists an yield gap of 0.5 to 1.5 t/ha even with the available varieties and technologies. To achieve the yield potential already created, farmers have to necessarily adopt recommended package in totality. Farmers are adopting the improved variety and a part of the package not giving adequate attention to the remaining component particularly the correction of soil problems, nutritional disorders and water management to some extent. Over 5000 litres of water is required to produce 1 kilogram of rice. Most if it is used for soil preparation and weed suppression. To make rice farming more profitable, water use efficiency has to be improved a lot in addition to other factors. Though the yields are increasing over the years to varying degree they are not proportionate to the increase in production cost. The factor productivity which is on decline should improve. Therefore, the research and extension efforts will have to focus on the efficient use of inputs, reduction in the costs of production, minimizing input losses and maximize output through scientific crop production and protection technologies like Maintance of optimum population, water, soil test based integrated nutrient management, integrated pest management, in addition to sustainable soil management, harvest and post harvest management. Page | 5 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217 RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH The state being one of the highest fertilizer and pesticides consuming regions in the country, the key factor leading to the difference in rice yields between A.P on one side and Punjab and Tamilnadu on the other is the proportionate share of groundwater irrigated area which is 62% in Punjab, 45% in Tamilnadu compared to 35% in A.P while Punjab and Tamilnadu developed 99% and 60% of their ultimate ground water potential respectively. A.P developed less than 20% of its ground water potential. Ground water development, thus, appears crucial for stepping up rice yields. Another crucial factor in this regard is the extent of irrigated rice area in Andhra Pradesh. Although rice is said to be irrigated to an extent of 95% of the area planted in the state, 50% is under tanks, wells and tube wells which in turn depend on the rainfall and good mansoon. How dependable is this source is known to every one. Thus, only 50% of the rice area gets assured irrigation water through canals under major projects. A third and major factor which is pulling down the rice yields in the state is damage due to frequent cyclones and floods which are common at the time of harvest. Biotic and abiotic stresses are the other factors greatly influencing the yield gaps apart from others. e. Major contributing factors in different ecologies: Under Irrigated transplanted ecology assured water, intensive cultivation with high inputs using high yielding varieties and adoption of plant protection measures -are the major contributing factors for higher productivity. Cyclones, floods , weeds , sub-mergens of the crop at critical stages and rodents are the yield reducers. In Rainfed lowland ecology high rain fall, fertile soils, availability of suitable varieties, high input use, scope for giving irrigation at critical (later stages i. e., from tillering onwards) stages ,need based plant protection are the factors for higher yields. Drought, planting of overaged seedlings, intermittent dryspells during crop growth period and inadequate fertilizer application and Plant protection measures are the reasons for low yields. In rainfed ecology, uncertainity of rainfall, intermittent dry spells, weeds and lack of suitable high yielding varieties with production technology are the reasons for low yields. f) Contribution to the GDP: Andhra Pradesh contributes 16-18% towards rice production from an area of about 10% of country’s rice area. Page | 6 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217 RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH V. Region wise/District wise rice Ecosystems In Telangana region: Irrigated ecosystem Rainfed low land eco system Coastal Andhra Pradesh: Irrigated eco system Submergence conditions Rainfed lowland eco system Rayala Seema : Irrigated ecosystem Irrigated ecosystem: Rice crop is mostly grown under different sources of irrigation under puddle conditions by growing dry or wet nurseries. Field is prepared with desi plough drawn by he buffaloes or by tractors. Transplantation is mostly done by contract labour by random planting method called “Chikku natu” where plant population is low. Rainfed low land eco system: In Kothaguda, Mulugu agency area of Warangal district, Bhadrachalam area of Khammam district and also is some parts ofr North Coastal area, dry nursery is raised with the on set of mansoon. The field is bunded so that the rain water from upper area gets accumulated in the field and crop resembles as if it is grown as a translplanted crop. Sometimes after dry sowing, the field is converted to wet cultivation as and when water is available. This practice is common in Visakhapatnam and Sri Kakulam district. Rainfed eco system:In some North Coastal districts and Telangana area rice is cultivated as a rainfed crop. Varieties grown under this condition are Akasavari, MTU-9992, MTU-17, mettasannalu, Varalu and all these varieties have drought resistance. They are sown behind the plough or seed drill. Some times redgram or hibiscus is taken as an intercrop. Rainfed rice varieties face intermittent drought spells. They have very good ability to recover from drought in seedling stage and maximum losses occur, if the drought prevails at flowering stage. VI. Rice production and economic analysis VII. Rice and rice based cropping systems – zone wise Godavari Zone : Rice-Rice-Pulses Rice-Rice Rice-Green manures Page | 7 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217 RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH Rice-Vegetables Rice-Maize Rice-Rice-Green manure/Rice-Green manures Krishna Zone: Rice-Rice Rice-Pulses (Greengram/blackgram) Rice-Zero tillage, Maize Rice-Vegetables Rice-Rice-Green manure North Coastal zone: Rice- Rice Rice- Pulses Rice- Sugarcane Rice- Millets Rice- Green manures Northern Telangana Zone : Rice- Rice - rice Rice- Rice Rice- Sunflower/Maze Rice- Fodders Rice- Greenmanures Central Telangana Zone: Rice- Rice- Rice Rice- Rice Rice- Greenmanures Rice- Maize Southern Telangana Zone: Rice- Rice- Rice Rice- Rice Rice- Vegetables Rice- Greenmanures South Zone: Rice- Rice- Rice Rice- Groundnut Rice- Rice Rice- Rice Scarce rainfall Zon: Rice- Groundnut Page | 8 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217 RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH Rice- Sunflower Rice- Greenmanure High Altitude and Tribal Zone: Rice- Rice Rice- Oilseeds Rice- Pulses VIII Rice growing seasons of different regions Region First crop Second crop Third crop Coastal Andhra Saarva (Kharif) Dalva (Rabi season) - Pradesh June - November November - March) Telangana Aabi (Kharif season) Taabi (Rabi season) Kathera (Summer) June – November 15th November –April April – July Rayalasema Vanakaru (Kharif) Endakaru (Rabi) Mokkadugu(Summar) June – December November - March February- May Edagaru(Early Kharif May – August Page | 9 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217 RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH IX. Recommended package of practices a) Varieties/hybrids : Recommended varieties or hybrids for different situations Seasons High Scarce South Central Northern South North Godavari Krishna / altitude rainfall Telangana Telangana Telangana zone Coastal zone Zone Situa- and tribal Zone zone Zone Zone zone tions zone 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Early - - Pushpala, Bharani, Swarna, Swarn - Pushkal Kharif a, a, Cottondora Nidhi, Samba - mahsuri, Samba rabi Sannalu, Shravani, mahsu Phalguna IR.64 Somasila ri, Phalgu na Vijeth a Normal Swarna, Swarna, Srikakulam Penna, Bhadrakali Bhadr Samba Samba Srikakul a am planting Chaitanya, Chaitan Sannalu, Simhapuri Kavya, Mahsuri, mahsuri sannalu, ya, , kali Krishna Swarna, Shiva, Sagarsa Sonamah Phalghu Krishna Tikkana, Kavya, mba, veni, Chaitanya, Warangal suri, na, ve Deepthi, Pinakini Shiva, Earlysam Depthi, Suraksh Vasundhara Samba, Ni, ba Nandyala a, Prathibha, Savithri, Waran Sonamah Warangal Prathib gal Rajavadl sannalu Vijetha, Surya, Sriranga, a, suri Sannalu u, Vedagiri, Samba Vasund Bapatla Page | 10 For more Information contact: Visit Rice Knowledge Management Portal http://www.rkmp.co.in Rice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP) Directorate of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030. Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Ph: 91-40-24591218, 295 Fax: 91-40-24591217