RHEA AT BOTH NORTH AND SOUTH ENDS OF THE ANCIENT VENETIC AMBER TRADE Investigating Venetic Inscription references to Rhea and Historical Information about Worship of Rhea Andres Pääb o (Ontario,Canada) upgraded:additionofsection1.3,Oct2015 ABSTRACT In myinterpretingof the Ancient Veneticinscriptions documeniedin THE VENETIC LANGUAGE An Ancient Languagefrom aNewPerspective:FINAL Ifoundthat theresults frommoreor less direct interpretation(iegettingmeanings fromcontext andcross-checking across all completeinscriptions)produced many words andgrammatical elements that appeared Finnicinnature.This makes senseinatheorythat theFinnicnorthern cultureexploitedthe Balticamber washingout of thesoutheastern coasts, first fortheir ownjewelery,andthenas a tradegoodtoancient AsiaMinor as earlyas before3000BC. Botharcheologyof amber roads andancient writings identifyaclear connectionfor thousands of years betweentheBalticamber sourceregions andplaces alongtherouteof theamber. This leads onetobelievethat the markets andcolonies of theAncient Veneti of northern ItalywereestablishedbyFinnicamber traders from1000 BC,andthelanguagestuck,evenif,likeinanysuccessful economicregion, theareaitself drew intoit enterprisingpeoples fromall around. If this connectionwiththenorth is true,thenit followsthat wewouldfindaconnectionbetweenAncient Veneti andtheFinnic northinnot just language, but indeeper culturetoo,namelyreligious practices. Thereforewe shouldfindthegoddess worshipped at sanctuaries bytheAncient Veneti, appearingintheword re.i.tiia.i.,inthenorthattheamber sources. First of all Iidentifythegoddess as thepre-Greek Rhea.This paper shows evidencethat shewas inthenorth andthat remnants of her worshipvia boars endureduntil relativelyrecent times inEstonianculture. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Religion Changes Slowly and Should Endure at Both Ends of Amber Trade The linguistic connections between the Adriatic Eneti/Veneti suggested by names recorded in ancient texts, was the general purpose of my project, summarized in THE VENETIC LANGUAGE An Ancient Language from a New Perspective: FINAL. But it is obvious that wherethere arelinguistic connections theremust also becultural connections too. One of the strongest areas of culture that people want to preserve is their religion. It follows that, besides the apparent linguistic mirroring between the south and north, there should also be religious mirroring. The archeologists of ancient Adriatic Eneti/Veneti have all noted that Veneti- named peoples appear to have followed the practice of cremating their dead, and burying the ashes in cemetaries inside some container like an urn. In the north, scholars have also found that the Aestii at the southeast Baltic cremated their dead, and archeology has found ashes in cemetaries buried within small wooden boxes. Traditional scholars are correct in associating the 1 “Urnfield Culture” –burying their dead as ashes in urns –with the Veneti, although nobody before me has suggested all the Urnfield cultural sites were actually nodes of a large scale long distance trade system. Such nodes would have ranged from important colonies assisting wares to transfer from one water system to another (such as from the Oder to the Elbe), to large colonies and markets at the terminuses of routes, to small settlements that may have mainly served as a pitstopfortheshippers. But let us look more deeply into the Adriatic Venetic religious worldview and whether there were parallels in the north. Although no ancint writinghas been found in the north, we can learn afewthings inancient texts andinferafewtruths. Concerning the south, the traditional scholars of Venetic, think they have found numerous deities. This arises from the past Latin approach to deciphering the Venetic inscriptions, which basically looked for Latin-like words in the inscription (continuously written inscription lacking word boundaries) and then assumed all the remaining parts were proper names of people or dieties. Given that in ancient times even proper names were descriptive, this methodology renders the results 100% impossible. In my deciphering using a proper methodology that does not require an a priori assumption, and which I described in detail in THE VENETIC LANGUAGE An Ancient Language from a New Perspective: FINAL I found no proper names of people (all names of people were descriptive –referring to the deceased in terms of their profession (shipper or horseman) or country of origin, or relationships to the living like ‘father’). And as for deities, I only found two deities (although there seems to be a statue depicting Apollo too). The first was the goddess found in the word re.i.tiia.i. and the second was found in the word trumusia. The former appeared near Este, and the latter appeared in the Lagole inscriptions high in the Piave River valley. In my analysis I found that trumusia probably was a deity of the merchants, traders, who came down the Piave River valley, but it could actually have been a generic word, as the meaning, I found, was ‘those of the marketland’ which could have referred to the visitors of the spa or sauna at the Lagole location. For more, see the abovementioned document. The purpose of this paper is the name that traditionallyhas been assumed to refer to a Venetic deity named “Reitia”, but which I determined was actually the common Rhea. This paper shows evidence that she was not just in the Venetic inscriptions but also in the north and that remnants of her worship via boars endured until relativelyrecent times in Estonian culture. 1.2 The Goddess in the Inscriptions is Rhea The Ancient Venetic inscriptions dating to before the Roman era, include prayers to a goddess. The word that appears in the inscriptions for the goddess is re.i.tiia.i. This word appears in a position where she is a recipient of offerings, prayer, etc. Therefore it consists of a stem plus grammatical endings. (Note about how Venetic is written. The Venetic alphabet is converted to small case Roman, keepingthedots.) The following is an example. Venetic writing is read in the direction the letters are pointing (not the “E” pointing left hence it is read to the left.) $a.i.nate.i. re.i.tiia.i. 2 Often in front of this word re.i.tiia.i. was a descriptive term $a.i.nate.i. (where in my interpretation $ represents a long ‘S’1) Traditional pursuits of deciphering the ancient Venetic inscriptions, which assumed Venetic was an ancestral language to Latin, pursued the translations with a view to finding Indo- European andperhaps Latin-likestems andcase endings. Most of the objects on which the word re.i.tiia.i. were found were found by archeologists at a sanctuary to the goddess. Sanctuaries were places where rituals, ceremonies, and offerings were made. The texts appear to have accompanied offerings to the goddess, and most of the sentences followedthe general form. mego dona.s.to . . . . $a.i.nate.i. re.i.tiia.i. The traditional Latin perspective towards Venetic saw in mego the Latin word ego for ‘I’ and in the dona.s.to the Latin donato ‘give, donate’. Thus the traditional translation saw in this structure the meaning ‘I give......to shining (or sacred) Reitia’. The endings (vowel).i. were thus seen to be a Dative case ending. However in my own direct analysis from the objects and comparison across the inscriptions I found an interpretation that read literally ‘Our (formal My) brought-item......tounite withYou,inthecharacter of the Gods, to unite with Rhea’This is literal so as to break down the elements into their truest meaning, but the actual translation in meaning is in the sense of ‘Our oftering .....to join the devine Rhea’ The ending (vowel).i. in our translation is not a Dative but a unique dynamic/active interpretation of the Partitive case. In my analysis, the reason the word re.i.tiia.i. is about Rhea (re.i.a) and not “Reitia”, is because the ending is ii + a.i. and the T appears purely to break up the long string of vowels. ( For example, Finnish and Estonian will add a T or J in such situations of endings adding nothing but vowels.) Thus the nominative re.i.a taking the ending ii (Iiative case) and a.i. (Dynamic Partitive) becomes re.i.aiia.iwhich is unspeakable,so aTis addedtoarrive atre.i.tiia.i (There also exists a point of view that imagines the word comes from Rhea plus the Greek term for ‘goddess’ theia. But we note that ancient Veneti appears to have had most close connections with Etruscan, even suggested bythe Veneti adapting the Etruscan alphabet and not theGreek alphabet.) In the perspective on the Veneti I have adopted, and which is explained in detail in the full document THE VENETIC LANGUAGE An Ancient Language from a New Perspective: FINAL, the Ancient Veneti, who ancient Greek writers saw as the distributors of amber into the Mediterranean civilizations, were established by Baltic amber traders. They found a new alternative route to the Mediterranean (the old route being down the Danube and descending to Greecefrom above)that camedowntotheAdriatic. This implies that the Adriatic Veneti were southern terminal colonies for the northern amber trader tribe at the source of the amber. If the peoples at the source of amber were Finnic, that would suggest that with the establishing of the colonies brought not just language but deeper cultural institutions likereligion. 1MyanalysisfoundthatthecharacterrepresentedbyanM-shapecouldnotbethecurrently believed “SH” soundbecausethatsoundisexpressedasapalatalized(dotted)S.ParallelwordsinEstonianandEtruscanshowed that this word was really “ISS” or “SS” depending on its environment. That is why I chose to represent it in Roman letterswith$toavoidconfusion. 3 It would not be believable just to interpret the Venetic inscriptions speakingof Rhea, and then not find Rhea in the north. Thus I set out to look at the literature to see if I could find evidence ofRheaat thenorth end oftheamber routes. Archeology has determined from dropped amber the two major routes by which amber (and other northern products like furs) travelled south. From the southeast Baltic source of amber it was taken south byVenedi (a name which in the northern Finnic meant (Venede) ‘(people) of the boats’) by going up the Vistula a short ways, breaking across to the upper Oder, proceeding to the Danube near Vienna, and from there south to the northeast coast of the Adriatic Sea, and then down the Adriatic coast towards Greece. The second route began at the Jutland Peninsula, went up the Elbe and across the Danube water basin and eventually down the Adige to the Adriatic. The second route could also handle traders from the southeast Baltic if the traders first went to wherethe Oderbends andportageintothemiddleElbeandcontinueonthe Elberoute. At the southeast Baltic amber source, amber washed out of the Samland Peninsula. Greek traveller Pytheas identified it as an island and called it Abalus. In Pytheas’ time the land was lower and the lowland behind the Samland Peninsula was flooded, so that the Samland Peninsula was an island in his time. In Finnic ABA-LA, meant ‘place of the lagoon, bay, area’ which was appropriate for a place located in waters behind the long sandbars running parallel to the shore andcontainingtheSamlandPeninsula. (Seethemapinthenext section.) Pytheas provides little information about the people other than that there are several other words that translate descriptively via Estonian. But centuries later more indormation is provided by Roman historian Tacitus who wrote in his Germania (98AD). The following explicitly mentions Rhea. . . .the Aestii nations who have religious observance and demeanour of the Suebi, .... They worship the Mother of the gods. As the characteristic of their national superstition, they wear theimages of wildboars. This aloneserves themfor arms, this is thesafeguard of all,andbythis everyworshipper of the Goddess is secured even amidst his foes. .... (Tacitus Germania ch45) The Mother of the gods in Greco-Roman mythology was Rhea, a Titan who the Greeks considered the mother of the regular Greek gods. But we should not assume the Rhea of the Aestii was the Greco-Roman version. Rhea did not originate with Greeks or Romans. She existed in Europe long before the Greeks or Romans and was widely worshipped, especially by longdistanceseafaringtraderpeoples. The other significant detail in Tacitus’ description is the reference to the boars. But there is evidence that the veneration of boats was not local to the Aestii. The 19th century story writer Jacob Grimm wrote2 of a mythology of ‘The Boars of Freya’and that in early Christian Scandinavia, everywhere across the north, pigs were offered at Christmastime in the name of Freya. Freya=Rheia? Obviously when the original Suebic tribes were assimilated into the kingdoms created by Germanic-Gothic militaryconquests theypreserved original customs, but it became changedbythenewGermaniclanguage. This places Rhea also at the Jutland Peninsula source of amber. The Grimm folk tale suggests the survival of ancient religion in folk tale form as late as the 19th century. Ancient practices had been remembered in story form and when the original Finnic language was replaced by Germanic, the word Rhea was transformed to Freya. The added F to the front of the Freya name in the Germanic language, can probably be attributed to the strong initial trilled R used in the Finniclanguages, which the Germaniclanguage evidentlyinterpreted withFR. 2JacobGrimm,DeutscheMythologie,1844,p41-42 4 Unfortunately history and archeology provides very little if anything about the Jutland amber source, other than that amber washed out of the west coast and the floating pieces of amber were collected by people along the shore near the mouth of the Elbe. (One possibility is that the handlers of the amber there were the ancestors of the Saxones because the name is close to one of the words for amber, succinum in Rome, saccal in Egypt, and socci in the Venetic inscriptions. Accordiing to Finnish sakka, ‘dregs, percipitate’, the word may be Finnic, and reflect the notion that amber was a percipitate of the sea. The word might have been used in the east Baltictoo,sinceasouthernregionofEstoniais called Sakala, ‘place of SAKA’.) 1.3 What is known about the Southeast Baltic Amber Coast? We can presume that theGrimm folk tale about Freya and the Boats reflects the celebration of Rhea through boars was found at the Jutland source of amber, but as far as I know, history and archeologyprovides no further information. Therefore, we will trun our attention to the southeast Baltic.What doweknow about that area? The southeast Baltic coast area was the major source of amber to the ancient world, as shown by archeology finding Baltic amber (as determined by spectroscopuic analysis) in Babylonian tombs dating to before 3000 BC. And the area was wealthy because of it. The intimate contact with the southern world will explain northern imagery and legends appearing in the ancient Greek world. For example the “HEL” words in ancient Greece, have much more presence in words of Estonian than Greek. All Estonian words beginning with “HEL” speak of ‘brightness, lightness’ in all senses – from visual to aural to weight. The word for ‘amber’ in the Finnic north was helmes, and it was probably the source of the Greek word for ‘amber’ which was electridas. (I believe it came from the word the Venedic traders used for their major amber product –a necklace strung with amber beads –which could be expressed with hellekede rida ‘row,string, of (amber) jewels’. The history of the area included the pilgrimages of the “Hyperborean Maidens” mentioned by Herodotus, to Delos, and their probably being responsible for the Greek myth of Apollo being born of Leto at Delos, which seems to presonify the way Abalus (abala – ‘the lagoon place’) was created by the water action (Est. leeta) producing sandbars that produced thelagoon region. One of the major routes by which amber took to Greece, was to first descend to the Adriatic Sea, and then follow the east coast south. Ancient Greek writers wrote about the Eneti of the north Adriatic being the source of amber delivered to Greece. Archeology confirmed and continues toconfirm the amberroutes totheAdriatic, andtheantiquityoftheroute. That there was an intimate relationship between the amber coasts in the north (both the southeast Baltic and the western coast of the Jutland Peninsula) and the Eneti/Veneti at the Adriatic, and that it lasted for millenia, is clear. With such an intimate, such a long perod of contact, nobody should be surprised that there would be significant mirroring of language and culturebetweenthesources ofamberandthesoutherndestinations. Not only was there mirroring of the north in the south, but the south in the north –until the rise of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire compromised or destroyed the original European trade systems. While the Roman Empire did not cover eastern Europe, it compromised the activity of trade towards the east anyway, by their being in control of the north Adriatic region and other southern destinations of trade. Venetic trade sought to bypass the Roman Empire by carrying wares to the east, and heading via rivers like Dneiper to the Black Sea. From earliest times, traders had used the Dneiper and Volga to carrynorthern furs and amber to the Black Sea, but the Roman Empire promoted the movement of wares from Scandinavia eastward to the eastern Rivers. That was the beginning of the eventual development of the Scandinavian “Rus” 5 becoming dominant in the eastern river route to the Black Sea, which eventually gave rise to “Russia” (or in Estonian “Venema) –named for the Scandinavian traders, but which eventually was transferredtotheSlavicsettlers ofthoseregions. In Estonian venede is the genitive plural of vene ‘boat’ (a word that may have originated as ‘instrument of water’ veena. Thus the name Venedi is in fact a plainly descriptive word for the groups that spent most of its time in boats, carrying the amber collected and prepared on the coast, south to Greece. Because the word was descriptive, all traders who spoke a Finnic language could have been generically called venede, in much the same way that today people who carry wares from one location to another can all be called “shippers”. Eventually it was the foreigners like Greeks, who, not knowing the generic meaning, turned the word into a proper name. The northerners who spoke Finnic along the east Baltic coast kept their understanding of the decriptive meaning. That is why the shippers who others called “Rus” were descriptively called “Venede” (or in singular “Vene”) by east Baltic coast Finnic peoples. Always aware of the descriptive meaning, all the river-trader peoples were called “venede” . Finnic speakers said “Vene” or “Venede” for the “Rus”, but also the Livonians used “Venede” for the historic “Wends”. The “Wendi”(as Latin called them) who settled where Ventspils, Latvia, is found today, and then moved to Cesis, Latvia, were called Venede bythe Finnic Livonians (the original Finnicpeoples of theGulfofRiga beforethenon-Finnic Latvians),and theiruseof the word was the original descriptive one. Livonians called Cesis Venede-culle ‘Venede-town’, and it was located on a river by which they could reach Lake Peipus and the Votic traders there. The Livonians even used the word Venede for the Votes at Lake Peipus to the east of Estonia and based around Narva. Estonians call the Votes by Vadja, a word that is very close to vedaja ‘transporter’, hence it too was a descriptive term. The Votes were descended from the original Venede who travelled the Dneiper and Volga to the Black Sea, long before the arrival of the East Slavs intotheseregions. Returning back to Roman and pre-Roman times, the Roman historian Cornelius Tacitus appears to have personally have visited the southeast Baltic. He commented about the veneration of Rhea through boars, and how the people collected amber. But most importantly he seem to have described a region in which different tribes carried on an economic confederatikon revolving around mainly the amber trade. Just as the name of the tribe called “Venedi” was descriptive, so too other tribe names too described what role a tribe had in this economic confederation. Ptolemy, takinghis information from Greek sources, saw the tribes collectivelyas “Venedae races”. But Tacitus, arriving by sea with Suebic hosts, saw the region as “Aestii nations”. So let us look for a meaning in the word “Aestii”. The word Aestii (or Eesti, which Estonians use today) has no meaningful interpretation in Estonian, but if we assume the word Aestii was originallyspoken in a high dialect then the word becomes more like OSTE words meaning ‘(people) who purchase’ (=merchants). History shows that when Estonia developed their language, they based it on the northern dialect, but it appears the southeastern dialect which was oriented towards the market at the southeast Baltic had a raised dialect from Suebic influences. Thus we can conclude that what Tacitus heard was the common Estonian word oste ‘of the purchase’ spoken in a raised dialect so it sounded like “ASTI” but withtheFinnicstress onthefirst syllable. The Venede of course specialized in shipping wares. The Oste/Asti merchants were managers of the international market that was located where Elblag is today. Along the west shore of the Vistula towards the coast, Tacitus found the “Gothones”. The word “Gothones” is Finnic too, based on the meaning ‘home’, which is a very very old word, that in modern Estonian is kodu. It makes sense. If the Venedi were the mobile shippers, then the Gothones were the settled home- 6 base peoples. Tacitus mentions other tribes. For example the Rugii were probably specialized in making the river boats (based on Estonian ruhi meaning ‘dugout boat’). Thus, in the economic confederations, the OSTE managed the market, the AVALTE (ie ABALTE) inhabited the lagoon and collected amber, the VENEDE acted as shippers, and so on. This is illustrated below combininginformationfrom Tacitus, Ptolemy,andPytheas with interpretations viaEstonian. SUMMARY OFINFORMATION ABOUT THESOUTHEAST BALTIC IN EARLY ROMAN TIMESANDEARLIER This areawas themajorsourceof Balticamber to ancient civilizations, primarilyGreece sincearound 2000BC. Duetoits success manytribes becamespecialized indifferent activities (as suggestedbythenames)For exampletheVENEDE, theboat peoples, werelocatedat the junctionof twobranches of shipping(arrows)alongtheriver. TheOSTE merchants operated and were located at the market at today’s Elblag. The KODUNE was a full settlement colony probablywithfarming, the AVALTE (my interpretation of Ptolemy’s Veltae), were probably the peoplewholivedinthelagoonareaandcollected amber washedout of theSamlandPeninsula. 7 Thus, all the tribes in this region around the amber island (Samland Peninsula was originally an island before the rebound of the land behind it) worked in specialized activities for the overall economyorientedtowards tradeinamber, furs, andothernorthern goods. Wherever there is an economic confederations, there will be one tribe that is percieved from the outside to be representative of them all. The ancient Greeks who were familiar with the Venedi who brought them amber, these tribes of the southeast Baltic, were generally Venedic tribes. And that is what Ptolemy called them (“Venedae Races”). But Tacitus, arriving from the west by sea, probably carried by a Suebic trader ship, landed at the major port that was operated by the Aestii (OSTE, probably the Ossi mentioned by Ptolemy), and so named the economic confederationafterthepeopleat themarket,hence “Aestii Nations”. 3 2. INFORMATION OF RHEA AND BOARS FOUND IN HISTORIC TEXTS 2.1 Evidence of Worship of Sea-Road Deity Given that archeology indicates that the Veneti of the north Adriatic had origins that predate even the Greeks, it is possible the Venetic Rhea identified in the word re.i.tiia.i. was the original one, not the one in Greek mythology, and the Veneti had not ceased to worship the original one that was embracedmostlybyseafaringpeoples. Byunderstandingtheoriginal Rhea better,we maylearnmoreabout theAdriaticVeneti, since their cultural practices would have been brought with them from wherever they came from. We all know that even if a people move into a region with other cultures, they will retain the deeper aspects of their religious culture and continue to practice them even as they superficially adopt morelocal customs andfads. Evidence shows that deities, like anything in the ancient world, were named by describing them, addingan endingto identifyit as a name. It follows from Rhea’sapparent popularityin the sea-trade that her name would be descriptive in the languages of early seatraders –which, owing to the long distance travels of the traders would have been widespread, a lingua franca. If she can be linked to sea-trading peoples perhaps she was ultimately the goddess of the routes of the sea-trade. Note too that in ancient times, the world was seen as a great flat sea with all lands being islands in it. Back then the concept of an Earth Mother was quite local, related only to lands, and therefore was a lesser deity. The true goddess of everything would have been the goddess that personified the entire plane of the sea that surrounded all the lands. There is no contradiction, therefore, in the ancient linking the supreme Goddess to the sea, and finding her reveredespeciallybythe menwhosailedtheopen sea. One of the interesting words in Europe is the word for ‘sea’. In Latin it is mare, and this also exists in Romance languages today in similar forms. For example in French ‘sea’ is given by mer. Interestingly the French word for ‘mother’ is similar –mère . This closeness is as close in Latin, where ‘mother’ is given by mater . This type of word for ‘sea’ exists in Indo-European languages beyond Romance languages too. It obiously originated in the pre-Indo-European traders, the early ones with whom we associate the use of –RA for major trade rivers which retained some of their original forms in the Latin versions Rhodanus, Rhennus, Ligera, Otra, Wesera, etc. And it is from this deeper origin that the word for ‘sea’ endures in Estonian and Finnish as meri, withhighervowel but still original. 3Reference:TacitusGermania,Ch45-46, and Ptolemy’s geography of Sarmatia. 8 With lower vowels meri becomes MARE and still lower becomes MORA. We can thus see all historical versions. Since this word most likelyoriginated from seagoing, boat-using, peoples, we should not seek its origins in the land-oriented peoples such as the Indo-Europeans were. The most likely candidate for origins of a word involving the sea would be the ancient, even prehistoric, seafaring peoples, and that the word probably originates from “AMA” which also meant ‘mother’. This word form for sea or water can even be found in boat-oriented native peoples of North America such as Inuit and Algonquians, where it is also similar to a word meaing ‘mother’. In other words, for all boat people, Mother Earth was mainly the vast sea. I believe MARE and variations, began as AMA-RA ‘mother road’, where AMA meant ‘mother’4. If all the early trade roads were waterways, then the seas were naturally the mother of waterways. Since the world was seen as a great sea, the personification of the sea, AMA-RA, was also the World Mother. This word AMA-RA could abbreviate in two ways AMARA>MARA>MAR leadingto mare, mer, mor, meri, etc and AMARA>MARA>ARA>RA which would now make the goddess a goddess of routes, Rhea5 while still retaining her identity as ‘mother’. If you were a trader, and you wished to condense a word, then you would retain that part that was most relevant to you. The element meaning ‘route’, was most relevant to sea-trade. Rhea became known throughout the world of traders through their long distance travels. But didit originatedintheFinnicworldofboat peoples? Finnic peoples arose from the prehistoric boat-using hunter-gatherers who were seasonal nomads pursuing circuits from campsite to campsite, returning to the same location only in the following year. While those towards the north and in remote places continued the primitive life, those who sailed the Baltic and interracted with Indo-European farming settlements, found themselves quite pre-adapted to performing the service for the settled peoples of long distance traders. Short distance trade was no problem for settled peoples as they could all travel tens of kilometers to settlement markets, but they were not able to leave their settlements and farms for long periods of time. Hence there was a great market for the services of long distance traders who carried wares hundreds of kilometers and returned with exotic wares from far away. A way of life was available for the northern boat peoples who were already familiar with boats, navigation, and living a nomadic life. Instead of moving from campsite to campsite, they moved from marketplacetomarketplace,settingupshop iftherewas nothingpermanent. Unlike part-time traders –hunter-gatherers who every year sent wares to market – professional traders made their living by procuring wares where they were cheap and trading them wheretheywerevaluable. Estonians in particular were involved with the sea. Already over 5000 years ago, there existed the archeological “Kunda Culture” a seagoing offshoot of the “Maglemose Culture” of the swamps from Britain to the east Baltic. The “Kunda” large harpoons could only have been used to hunt seals and small whales in the early Baltic. That means they had large seaworthy dugouts. Farming was verydifficult along the east Baltic coast, even later when attempting to grow the hardy rye, often the wet late summer would soak and destroy the harvest, and practices were developed that brought the cut grain indoors and smoke dried it in high log houses which were also the prototype for the standard saunas of today. Thus farming never overtook seagoing practices on the east Baltic coasts (until recently with advancements in agriculture) Long distance sailing by Estonians was so common in recent history that the term kauge-sõit literally 4The word AMA for ‘mother’ can be found in early pre-Indo-EuropeanlanguagesofAsiaMinor;alsotodayin Basqueasama,andinEstonianasema. 5 LatinrepresentedthetrilledRbyaddinganHasinRH-. WrittenEstonianandFinnishdoesnotaddanH,but theRistrilledtovaryinglevels.VeneticappearstohavemarkedthetrilledRwithdotsasin.r. 9 ’distant-journey’ actually meant ‘travelling outside the Baltic’ The very use of such a meaning implies that journeys often went beyond the Baltic, as far as Britain and further, and that may explain why Tacitus also found that the Aestii language was ‘closer to’ native British in around 98ADthanit was toSuebicofthesouthBaltic andtheJutlandPeninsula. I suggested above that the word Rhea itself was a descriptive word, and that the descriptive word in effect rendered her a personification of sea routes of the ancient seafarers. What evidence is there in today’s Baltic Finnic languages that this maybethe case? Estonian uses reis for ‘voyage’, Finnish has reitti ‘course, route’ Both contain the “REI” sound. And related to these are probably retk, or retki ‘excursion’, wherein the –K is seen as a nominalizingsuffix addedtoret- Howdid Rhea become to the Greeks and Romans, as Tacitus said “The Mother of the gods”? When the Indo-European conquerors of Mycenea expanded their military subjugation of the Greek Peninsula and Crete, theyfound the indigenous peoples worshipping Rhea and some other deities, like Cronos. They could not remove the established religion, so the Greek priests and poets turned these existing pre-Indo-European deities into the “Titans” thus removing them from daily use in the Greek world, and promoted the idea that Rhea was the mother of the new deities that camewiththeGreek conquerors. The Romans, who originated as a Greek trade colony at the south end of the Italic Peninsula, inherited the Greek mythology, and hence the Roman, Tacitus, referred to Rhea who was being worshipped by the Aestii as the “Mother of the gods”. There is no question he was referring to Rhea,except thesepeoplewereworshippingherthroughtheimageryoftheboars. 2.2 Some Revelations about the Worship of Boars in Veneration of a Female Deity It is clear from all information there exists around Europe that Rhea, as a great woman, took on all attributes of a woman, notably the ability to give birth. Each people who worshipped her adapted her a little to their own way of life. Farming peoples who bred animals, for example, could appeal to her mothering qualities to help their animals multiply. The Aestii, who obviously carriedonsomefarming, bredpigs. It is human nature to worship veryfew deities. This is because major deities are like adults to children. A child grows up with mother, father, brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, etc. Therefore the most natural way of envisioning deities is to see them as a family in the invisible environment. And in anyfamilythere is a ruler. In a warrior or hunter societythe head of the familywas male, but it seems that originally, before the Indo-Europeans, when human popuations were small and there was little competition (by males) over limited resources, the head of the supreme family was the mother, and Ibelieve she was Rhea. She not onlypersonified the entire world, a sea, but she also tended to births, took care of the ill, and everything else associated with the female. The wide application of Rhea (instead of limiting her to being the mother of the Greek gods) is found intheancient informationofRheaworshipoutsideof orbeforetheGreek world.. While doing my detective work regarding the origins of Rhea, I discovered some more ancient text regardling a goddess and pigs that resonated strongly with facts in the north. The Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC) wrote about pig-sacrifice in Egypt connected with theMoon. Inthat practicetheinnards ofthepigwereburned.Poorpeople madebreadpigs. ...They [The Egyptians of the 5th century BC] do not offer swine in sacrifice to any of their gods, excepting Bacchus and the Moon, whom they honour in this way at the same time, sacrificing pigs to both of them at the same full moon, and afterwards eating of the flesh. .....The following is the mode in which they sacrifice the swine to the Moon:- As soon as the victim is slain, the tip of the tail, the spleen, and the caul are put together, and having been covered with 10