RF & Wireless Technologies Newnes Know It All Series PIC Microcontrollers: Know It All Lucio Di Jasio, Tim Wilmshurst, Dogan Ibrahim, John Morton, Martin Bates, Jack Smith, D.W. Smith, and Chuck Hellebuyck ISBN: 978-0-7506-8615-0 Embedded Software: Know It All Jean Labrosse, Jack Ganssle, Tammy Noergaard, Robert Oshana, Colin Walls, Keith Curtis, Jason Andrews, David J. Katz, Rick Gentile, Kamal Hyder, and Bob Perrin ISBN: 978-0-7506-8583-2 Embedded Hardware: Know It All Jack Ganssle, Tammy Noergaard, Fred Eady, Creed Huddleston, Lewin Edwards, David J. Katz, Rick Gentile, Ken Arnold, Kamal Hyder, and Bob Perrin ISBN: 978-0-7506-8584-9 Wireless Networking: Know It All Praphul Chandra, Daniel M. Dobkin, Alan Bensky, Ron Olexa, David A. Lide, and Farid Dowla ISBN: 978-0-7506-8582-5 RF & Wireless Technologies: Know It All Bruce Fette, Roberto Aiello, Praphul Chandra, Daniel M. Dobkin, Alan Bensky, Douglas Miron, David A. Lide, Farid Dowla, and Ron Olexa ISBN: 978-0-7506-8581-8 For more information on these and other Newnes titles visit: www.newnespress.com RF & Wireless Technologies Bruce Fette Roberto Aiello Praphul Chandra Daniel M. Dobkin Alan Bensky Douglas Miron David A. Lide Farid Dowla Ron Olexa AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK Copyright © 2008, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (⫹44) 1865 843830, fax: (⫹44) 1865 853333, e-mail: Contents About the Authors .........................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1: A Survey of RF and Wireless Technology ...............................................................1 1.1 A Short History of Wireless Communication ...............................................................1 1.2 Where We Are ...............................................................................................................3 1.3 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................16 1.4 References ...................................................................................................................16 Chapter 2: Communication Protocols and Modulation ...........................................................17 2.1 Baseband Data Format and Protocol ...........................................................................17 2.2 Baseband Coding .........................................................................................................25 2.3 RF Frequency and Bandwidth .....................................................................................29 2.4 Modulation ..................................................................................................................31 2.5 RFID ............................................................................................................................49 2.6 Summary .....................................................................................................................50 2.7 References ...................................................................................................................50 Chapter 3: Transmitters ...........................................................................................................51 3.1 RF Source ....................................................................................................................51 3.2 Modulation ..................................................................................................................59 3.3 Amplifi ers ....................................................................................................................61 3.4 Filtering .......................................................................................................................62 3.5 Antenna .......................................................................................................................63 3.6 Summary .....................................................................................................................64 3.7 References ...................................................................................................................64 Chapter 4: Receivers ...............................................................................................................65 4.1 Tuned Radio Frequency ...............................................................................................65 4.2 Superregenerative Receiver .........................................................................................66 4.3 Superheterodyne Receiver ...........................................................................................68 4.4 Direct Conversion Receiver .........................................................................................70 4.5 Digital Receivers .........................................................................................................72 4.6 Repeaters .....................................................................................................................73 www.newnespress.com vi Contents 4.7 Summary ...................................................................................................................73 4.8 Reference ...................................................................................................................73 Chapter 5: Radio Propagation .................................................................................................75 5.1 Mechanisms of Radio Wave Propagation ..................................................................75 5.2 Open Field Propagation .............................................................................................77 5.3 Diffraction .................................................................................................................79 5.4 Scattering ...................................................................................................................81 5.5 Path Loss ...................................................................................................................81 5.6 Multipath Phenomena ................................................................................................83 5.7 Flat Fading .................................................................................................................84 5.8 Diversity Techniques .................................................................................................87 5.9 Noise ..........................................................................................................................90 5.10 Summary ...................................................................................................................93 5.11 References .................................................................................................................93 Chapter 6: Antenna Fundamentals I ........................................................................................95 6.1 Electromagnetic Waves .............................................................................................95 Example 6.1 A Quarter-Wave Matching System ...................................................104 6.2 Polarization ..............................................................................................................105 6.3 The Short Dipole .....................................................................................................106 Example 6.2 Dipole Input Impedance and Effi ciency ............................................115 6.4 The Small Loop .......................................................................................................115 Example 6.3 Loop Impedance and Effi ciency ........................................................118 6.5 Directionality, Effi ciency, and Gain ........................................................................119 6.6 References ...............................................................................................................121 Chapter 7: Antenna Fundamentals II ....................................................................................123 7.1 Bandwidth and Quality Factor, Q ............................................................................123 Example 7.1 Effects of Coil Q and Loading ..........................................................125 Example 7.2 SWR Bandwidth of a Lumped-Element Resonator ..........................128 Example 7.3 Parallel-Tuned Loop SWR Bandwidth ..............................................129 7.2 Impedance Matching and System Effi ciency ..........................................................130 Example 7.4 L-Section Matching ...........................................................................131 Example 7.5 Matching the Series-Tuned Loop ......................................................132 7.3 Reception .................................................................................................................134 7.4 Ground Effects .........................................................................................................137 Example 7.6 Field Plots for the Horizontal Dipole ................................................141 7.5 Improvements ..........................................................................................................145 7.6 References ...............................................................................................................146 www.newnespress.com Contents vii Chapter 8: Basics of Wireless Local Area Networks ............................................................149 8.1 Networks Large and Small ........................................................................................149 8.2 WLANs from LANs ..................................................................................................152 8.3 802.11 WLANs .........................................................................................................154 8.4 HiperLAN and HiperLAN 2 ......................................................................................183 8.5 From LANs to PANs .................................................................................................184 8.6 Capsule Summary ......................................................................................................196 8.7 Further Reading .........................................................................................................196 WEP Attacks ....................................................................................................................197 Bluetooth ..........................................................................................................................197 Trellis-Coded Modulations ...............................................................................................197 Standards ..........................................................................................................................197 Chapter 9: Outdoor Networks ...............................................................................................199 9.1 Neither Snow nor Rain nor Heat nor Gloom of Night . . . ........................................199 9.2 Line-of-Sight Sites ....................................................................................................200 9.3 Outdoor Coverage Networks .....................................................................................203 9.4 Point-to-Multipoint Networks ...................................................................................217 9.5 Point-to-Point Bridges ...............................................................................................220 9.6 Long Unlicensed Links .............................................................................................222 9.7 Safety Tips .................................................................................................................228 9.8 Capsule Summary ......................................................................................................230 9.9 Further Reading .........................................................................................................231 Chapter 10: Voice Over Wi-Fi and Other Wireless Technologies ......................................... 233 10.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................233 10.2 Ongoing 802.11 Standard Work ..............................................................................233 10.3 Wi-Fi and Cellular Networks ..................................................................................238 10.4 WiMax .....................................................................................................................248 10.5 VoWi-Fi and Bluetooth ............................................................................................249 10.6 VoWi-Fi and DECT .................................................................................................254 10.7 VoWi-Fi and Other Ongoing 802.x Wireless Projects .............................................255 10.8 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................257 10.9 References ...............................................................................................................257 Chapter 11: Security in Wireless Local Area Networks .......................................................259 11.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................259 11.2 Key Establishment in 802.11 ...................................................................................260 11.3 Anonymity in 802.11 ...............................................................................................261 11.4 Authentication in 802.11 .........................................................................................262 11.5 Confi dentiality in 802.11 .........................................................................................268 www.newnespress.com viii Contents 11.6 Data Integrity in 802.11 ...........................................................................................272 11.7 Loopholes in 802.11 Security ..................................................................................274 11.8 WPA ........................................................................................................................275 11.9 WPA2 (802.11i) .......................................................................................................287 Chapter 12: System Planning ................................................................................................295 12.1 System Design Overview ........................................................................................295 12.2 Location and Real Estate Considerations ................................................................296 12.3 System Selection Based Upon User Needs .............................................................301 12.4 Identifi cation of Equipment Requirements ..............................................................303 12.5 Identifi cation of Equipment Locations ....................................................................305 12.6 Channel Allocation, Signal-to-Interference, and Reuse Planning ...........................311 12.7 Network Interconnect and Point-to-Point Radio Solutions .....................................315 12.8 Costs ........................................................................................................................318 12.9 The Five C’s of System Planning ............................................................................319 Chapter 13: System Implementation, Testing, and Optimization .........................................321 13.1 Real-World Design Examples .................................................................................321 13.2 Example One: Local Coffee House .........................................................................321 13.3 Example Two: Offi ce LAN Deployment .................................................................322 13.4 Example Three: Community WISP .........................................................................331 13.5 Example Four: Mobile Broadband Network ...........................................................344 13.6 Chapter Summary ....................................................................................................348 Chapter 14: Next Generation Wireless Networks .................................................................349 14.1 Why “Next” Generation? ........................................................................................349 14.2 First Generation Wireless Networks: Wireless Access ...........................................350 14.3 Second Generation Wireless Networks: Mobile Access .........................................351 14.4 Third Generation Wireless Networks: Wireless and Mobile Access to High-Bandwidth Services ...................................................................................356 14.5 Fourth Generation Wireless Networks and Beyond: Universal Access in a Multinetwork Environment ..............................................................................364 14.6 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................372 14.7 References ...............................................................................................................373 Chapter 15: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks .................................................................................377 15.1 Physical Layer and MAC ........................................................................................379 15.2 Routing in Ad Hoc Networks ..................................................................................392 15.3 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................402 15.4 References ...............................................................................................................403 www.newnespress.com Contents ix Chapter 16: Wireless Sensor Networks .................................................................................409 16.1 Applications .............................................................................................................409 16.2 Plant Network Layouts ............................................................................................410 16.3 Plant Network Architecture .....................................................................................411 16.4 Sensor Subnet Selection ..........................................................................................413 16.5 Functional Requirements .........................................................................................414 16.6 Technical Trade-offs and Issues ..............................................................................416 16.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................422 16.8 References ...............................................................................................................422 Chapter 17: Reliable Wireless Networks for Industrial Applications ...................................423 17.1 Benefi ts of Using Wireless ......................................................................................423 17.2 Issues in Deploying Wireless Systems ....................................................................424 17.3 Wireless Formats .....................................................................................................427 17.4 Wireless Mesh Networks .........................................................................................428 17.5 Industrial Applications of Wireless Mesh Networks ...............................................430 17.6 Case Study: Water Treatment ..................................................................................432 17.7 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................433 Chapter 18: Software-Defi ned Radio ....................................................................................435 18.1 What Is Software-Defi ned Radio? ...........................................................................435 18.2 Aspects of Software-Defi ned Radio ........................................................................436 18.3 History and Evolution of Software-Defi ned Radio .................................................437 18.4 Applications and Need for SDR ..............................................................................440 18.5 Architectures ...........................................................................................................442 18.6 Implementation Issues .............................................................................................449 18.7 Case Study: A Close Look at a CDMA2000 and UMTS SDR Receiver ................462 18.8 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................468 18.9 References ...............................................................................................................469 Chapter 19: The Basics of Radio Frequency Identifi cation Technology ...............................471 19.1 The Automatic Identifi cation Manufacturers (AIM), Pittsburgh, PA ......................471 19.2 What Is RFID? .........................................................................................................471 19.3 Wireless Communication and the Air Interface ......................................................472 19.4 RFID System Components ......................................................................................476 19.5 RFID System Categories .........................................................................................481 19.6 Areas of Application for RFID ................................................................................482 19.7 Standardization ........................................................................................................483 19.8 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................484 19.9 References ...............................................................................................................484 www.newnespress.com