Trimsize:170mmx244mm Kazimierczuk ffirs.tex V2-09/27/2014 1:36P.M. Pageii Trimsize:170mmx244mm Kazimierczuk ffirs.tex V2-09/27/2014 1:36P.M. Pagei RF Power Amplifiers Trimsize:170mmx244mm Kazimierczuk ffirs.tex V2-09/27/2014 1:36P.M. Pageii Trimsize:170mmx244mm Kazimierczuk ffirs.tex V2-09/27/2014 1:36P.M. Pageiii RF Power Amplifiers Second Edition MARIAN K. KAZIMIERCZUK Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA Trimsize:170mmx244mm Kazimierczuk ffirs.tex V2-09/27/2014 1:36P.M. Pageiv Thiseditionfirstpublished2015 ©2015JohnWiley&SonsLtd Registeredoffice: JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyforpermission toreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteatwww.wiley.com. TherightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inany formorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUK Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnames andproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsinpreparing thisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompletenessofthecontents ofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesofmerchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose. Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservicesandneitherthe publishernortheauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpertassistance isrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Kazimierczuk,Marian. RFpoweramplifiers/MarianK.Kazimierczuk.–Secondedition. pagescm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-118-84430-4 1. Poweramplifiers. 2. Amplifiers,Radiofrequency. 3. Electricresonators. I. Title. TK7871.58.P6K392015 621.3841′3–dc23 2014022274 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN9781118844304 Setin9.75/11.75ptTimesLTStdbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India 1 2015 Trimsize:170mmx244mm Kazimierczuk ffirs.tex V2-09/27/2014 1:36P.M. Pagev ToMyMother Trimsize:170mmx244mm Kazimierczuk ffirs.tex V2-09/27/2014 1:36P.M. Pagevi Trimsize:170mmx244mm Kazimierczuk ftoc.tex V2-09/27/2014 1:38P.M. Pagevii Contents Preface xvii About the Author xix List of Symbols xxi List of Acronyms xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 RadioTransmitters 1 1.2 BatteriesforPortableElectronics 2 1.3 BlockDiagramofRFPowerAmplifiers 2 1.4 ClassesofOperationofRFPowerAmplifiers 5 1.5 WaveformsofRFPowerAmplifiers 7 1.6 ParametersofRFPowerAmplifiers 7 1.6.1 DrainEfficiencyofRFPowerAmplifiers 7 1.6.2 StatisticalCharacterizationofTransmitterAverageEfficiency 9 1.6.3 Gate-DrivePower 10 1.6.4 Power-AddedEfficiency 11 1.6.5 Output-PowerCapability 12 1.7 TransmitterNoise 12 1.8 Conditionsfor100%EfficiencyofPowerAmplifiers 13 1.9 ConditionsforNonzeroOutputPowerat100%EfficiencyofPower Amplifiers 16 1.10 OutputPowerofClassEZVSAmplifiers 18 1.11 ClassEZCSAmplifiers 21 1.12 Antennas 23 1.13 PropagationofElectromagneticWaves 25 1.14 FrequencySpectrum 26 1.15 Duplexing 28 1.16 Multiple-AccessTechniques 29 1.17 NonlinearDistortioninTransmitters 29 1.18 HarmonicsofCarrierFrequency 30 1.19 IntermodulationDistortion 33 1.20 AM/AMCompressionandAM/PMConversion 38 1.21 DynamicRangeofPowerAmplifiers 38 Trimsize:170mmx244mm Kazimierczuk ftoc.tex V2-09/27/2014 1:38P.M. Pageviii viii CONTENTS 1.22 AnalogModulation 39 1.22.1 AmplitudeModulation 41 1.22.2 PhaseModulation 48 1.22.3 FrequencyModulation 49 1.23 DigitalModulation 54 1.23.1 Amplitude-ShiftKeying 54 1.23.2 Phase-ShiftKeying 55 1.23.3 Frequency-ShiftKeying 55 1.24 Radars 57 1.25 Radio-FrequencyIdentification 58 1.26 Summary 59 1.27 ReviewQuestions 61 1.28 Problems 62 References 63 2 Class A RF Power Amplifier 65 2.1 Introduction 65 2.2 PowerMOSFETCharacteristics 65 2.2.1 SquareLawforMOSFETDrainCurrent 65 2.2.2 Channel-LengthModulation 66 2.2.3 Low-andMid-FrequencySmall-SignalModelofMOSFETs 67 2.2.4 High-FrequencySmall-SignalModeloftheMOSFET 68 2.2.5 Unity-GainFrequency 68 2.3 Short-ChannelEffects 70 2.3.1 ElectricFieldEffectonChargeCarriersMobility 70 2.3.2 OhmicRegion 71 2.3.3 Pinch-OffRegion 72 2.3.4 WideBandGapSemiconductorDevices 76 2.4 CircuitofClassARFPowerAmplifier 78 2.5 WaveformsinClassARFAmplifier 80 2.5.1 Assumptions 80 2.5.2 CurrentandVoltageWaveforms 81 2.5.3 OutputPowerWaveforms 83 2.5.4 TransistorPowerLossWaveforms 84 2.6 EnergyParametersofClassARFPowerAmplifier 87 2.6.1 DrainEfficiencyofClassARFPowerAmplifier 87 2.6.2 StatisticalCharacterizationofClassARFPowerAmplifier 91 2.6.3 DrainEfficiencyatNonzeroMinimumDrain-to-Source Voltage 95 2.6.4 Output-PowerCapabilityofClassARFPowerAmplifier 95 2.6.5 GateDrivePower 96 2.7 Parallel-ResonantCircuit 97 2.7.1 QualityFactorofParallel-ResonantCircuit 97 2.7.2 ImpedanceofParallel-ResonantCircuit 98 2.7.3 BandwidthofParallel-ResonantCircuit 98 2.8 PowerLossesandEfficiencyofParallel-ResonantCircuit 100 2.9 ClassARFPowerAmplifierwithCurrentMirror 103 2.10 ImpedanceMatchingCircuits 107 2.11 ClassARFLinearAmplifier 111 2.11.1 AmplifierforVariable-EnvelopeSignals 111