REVOLUTION UNENDING The CERI series in Comparative Politics and International Studies Series editor CHRISTOPHE JAFFRELOT Thisseriesconsistsoftranslationsofnoteworthy publicationsinthesocialsciencesemanatingfromthe foremostFrenchresearchcentreininternationalstudies, theParis-basedCentred’EtudesetdeRecherches Internationales(CERI),partofSciencesPoandassociated withtheCNRS(CentreNationaldelaRecherche Scientifique). Thefocusoftheseriesisthetransformationofpolitics andsocietybyinternationalanddomesticfactors—global- isation,migrationandthepost-bipolarbalanceofpoweron theonehand,andsocietaldynamics,ethnicityandreligion ontheother.Statesaremorepermeabletoexternal influencethaneverbeforeandthisphenomenonis acceleratingprocessesofsocialandpoliticalchangethe worldover.Inseekingtounderstandandinterpretthese transformations,thisseriesgiveprioritytosocialtrends frombelowasmuchastheinterventionsofstateand non-stateactors. Foundedin1952,CERIhasfiftyfull-timefellows drawnfromdifferentdisciplinesconductingresearchon comparativepoliticalanalysis,internationalrelations, regionalism,transnationalflows,politicalsociology,political economyandonindividualstates. GILLES DORRONSORO Revolution Unending Afghanistan: 1979 to the Present TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH BY JOHN KING HURST & COMPANY,LONDON in association with the Centre d’Etudes et de Recherches Internationales,Paris First published in 2000 asLa révolution afghane. Des communistes aux tâlebânby Karthala,Paris This revised and updated edition first published in the United Kingdom by C. Hurst & Co.(Publishers) Ltd, 38 King Street,London WC2E 8JZ © 2005 by Gilles Dorronsoro All rights reserved. Printed in India The right of Gilles Dorronsoro to be identified as the author of this publication is asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988. A Cataloguing-in-Publication data record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBNs 1–85065–683–5casebound 1–85065–703–3paperback Contents Foreword page xi Chronology xv Glossary xviii Introduction 1 Reference points 5 –A tribal revolt? 7 –An ethnic war? 9 –A blend of religion and politics? 16 Issues and hypotheses 19 Part I. THE ORIGINS OF THE AFGHAN REVOLUTION 1. The Sociogenesis of the Afghan State 23 The role of imperialism 24 Neo-patrimonialism 25 The legitimacy of the state 33 Challenges to the state 40 2. From Mobilisation to Revolution 61 The mobilisation of internal resources 61 International funding 63 The politicisation of the educated class 65 The failure of the parliamentary regime 76 Authoritarian mobilisation and repression under Daud 80 Utopia and violence:the communists in power 85 Part II. MOBILISATIONS 3. The Commanders 93 The revolt 93 Jihad 105 vii viii Contents ‘Qowm’and commanders 108 The social profile of the commanders 111 Models of organisation 123 Finance 129 4. The Jihadi Parties 137 The formation of parties 137 A typology of the parties 149 The parties and the refugees 169 Part III. THE DYNAMICS OF CONFRONTATION 5. The Kabul Regime 173 The party under Karmal 173 The three strategic dimensions 175 Preparations for the retreat 191 From the Proximity talks to the Geneva accords 198 The post-withdrawal survival of the regime 201 6. The Guerrillas 207 The professionalisation of the fighters 207 The evolution of the political map 212 Inter-party cooperation 223 The mujahidin after the withdrawal 227 Part IV. THE TALIBAN 7. Competition and the Impetus towards Monopoly (1992–2001) 235 The collapse of the state 237 The regionalisation of the forces (1992–1995) 240 Towards monopolisation 250 8. The Ethnicisation of the Conflict 257 Ethnicisation as a strategy 258 Ethnicisation as an unintended consequence 265 The challenge to the ethnic hierarchy 268 9. The Clerical State 272 The party functionaries 273 Contents ix State structures 278 The social backlash:the puritan order and social resistance 284 The radicalisation of the Taliban 301 Part V. THE AMERICAN INVASION AND THE RETURN OF FRAGMENTATION 10. ‘A Splendid Little War’? 315 The strategy of the United States 317 The failure of the Pakistani solution 322 The fall of the Taliban 325 11. The Return to Political Fragmentation 329 The reconstruction of the state 331 The new guerrilla movement 338 Ethnicity,social groups and ideologies 342 12. The Policy of Pakistan 346 Trial of strength with the pro-Taliban movements 347 Commercial and human movements 352 Conclusion 354 Select Bibliography 357 Index 363
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