Volume 236 Pim de Voogt Editor Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology VOLUME 236 More information about this series at h ttp://www.springer.com/series/398 Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Editor Pim de Voogt Editorial Board María Fernanda Cavieres, Valparaiso, Chile Charles P. Gerba, Tucson, Arizona, USA • James B. Knaak, Getzville, New York, USA Annemarie P. van Wezel, Nieuwegein/Utrecht, The Netherlands Ronald S. Tjeerdema, Davis, California, USA David M. Whitacre, Summerfi eld, N Carolina, USA Founding Editor Francis A. Gunther VOLUME 236 Coordinating Board of Editors DR. PIM DE VOOGT, Editor Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] DR. ERIN R. BENNETT, Editor Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada E-mail: [email protected] PETER S. ROSS, Editor Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Center Vancouver, BC, Canada E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 0179-5953 ISSN 2197-6554 (electronic) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ISBN 978-3-319-20012-5 ISBN 978-3-319-20013-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-20013-2 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 T his work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Printed on acid-free paper S pringer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword I nternational concern in scientifi c, industrial, and governmental communities over traces of xenobiotics in foods and in both abiotic and biotic environments has justi- fi ed the present triumvirate of specialized publications in this fi eld: comprehensive reviews, rapidly published research papers and progress reports, and archival docu- mentations. These three international publications are integrated and scheduled to provide the coherency essential for nonduplicative and current progress in a fi eld as dynamic and complex as environmental contamination and toxicology. This series is reserved exclusively for the diversifi ed literature on “toxic” chemicals in our food, our feeds, our homes, recreational and working surroundings, our domestic animals, our wildlife, and ourselves. Tremendous efforts worldwide have been mobilized to evaluate the nature, presence, magnitude, fate, and toxicology of the chemicals loosed upon the Earth. Among the sequelae of this broad new emphasis is an undeniable need for an articulated set of authoritative publications, where one can fi nd the latest important world literature produced by these emerging areas of science together with documentation of pertinent ancillary legislation. Research directors and legislative or administrative advisers do not have the time to scan the escalating number of technical publications that may contain articles important to current responsibility. Rather, these individuals need the background provided by detailed reviews and the assurance that the latest information is made available to them, all with minimal literature searching. Similarly, the scientist assigned or attracted to a new problem is required to glean all literature pertinent to the task, to publish new developments or important new experimental details quickly, to inform others of fi ndings that might alter their own efforts, and eventu- ally to publish all his/her supporting data and conclusions for archival purposes. In the fi elds of environmental contamination and toxicology, the sum of these concerns and responsibilities is decisively addressed by the uniform, encompassing, and timely publication format of the Springer triumvirate: R eviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [Vol. 1 through 97 (1962–1986) as Residue Reviews] for detailed review articles concerned with v vi Foreword any aspects of chemical contaminants, including pesticides, in the total environ- ment with toxicological considerations and consequences. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 1 in 1966) for rapid publication of short reports of signifi cant advances and discoveries in the fi elds of air, soil, water, and food contamination and pollution as well as method- ology and other disciplines concerned with the introduction, presence, and effects of toxicants in the total environment. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 1 in 1973) for important complete articles emphasizing and describing original experimental or theoretical research work pertaining to the scientifi c aspects of chemical con- taminants in the environment. T he individual editors of these three publications comprise the joint Coordinating Board of Editors with referral within the board of manuscripts submitted to one pub- lication but deemed by major emphasis or length more suitable for one of the others. Coordinating Board of Editors Pref ace The role of R eviews is to publish detailed scientifi c review articles on all aspects of environmental contamination and associated (eco)toxicological consequences. Such articles facilitate the often complex task of accessing and interpreting cogent scientifi c data within the confi nes of one or more closely related research fi elds. In the 50+ years since R eviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (formerly R esidue Reviews ) was fi rst published, the number, scope, and complexity of environmental pollution incidents have grown unabated. During this entire period, the emphasis has been on publishing articles that address the presence and toxicity of environmental contaminants. New research is published each year on a myriad of environmental pollution issues facing people worldwide. This fact, and the routine discovery and reporting of emerging contaminants and new environmen- tal contamination cases, creates an increasingly important function for R eviews . The staggering volume of scientifi c literature demands remedy by which data can be synthesized and made available to readers in an abridged form. R eviews addresses this need and provides detailed reviews worldwide to key scientists and science or policy administrators, whether employed by government, universities, nongovern- mental organizations, or the private sector. There is a panoply of environmental issues and concerns on which many scien- tists have focused their research in past years. The scope of this list is quite broad, encompassing environmental events globally that affect marine and terrestrial eco- systems; biotic and abiotic environments; impacts on plants, humans, and wildlife; and pollutants, both chemical and radioactive; as well as the ravages of environmen- tal disease in virtually all environmental media (soil, water, air). New or enhanced safety and environmental concerns have emerged in the last decade to be added to incidents covered by the media, studied by scientists, and addressed by governmen- tal and private institutions. Among these are events so striking that they are creating a paradigm shift. Two in particular are at the center of ever increasing media as well as scientifi c attention: bioterrorism and global warming. Unfortunately, these very worrisome issues are now superimposed on the already extensive list of ongoing environmental challenges. vii viii Preface T he ultimate role of publishing scientifi c environmental research is to enhance understanding of the environment in ways that allow the public to be better informed or, in other words, to enable the public to have access to suffi cient information. Because the public gets most of its information on science and technology from internet, TV news, and reports, the role for scientists as interpreters and brokers of scientifi c information to the public will grow rather than diminish. Environmentalism is an important global political force, resulting in the emergence of multinational consortia to control pollution and the evolution of the environmental ethic. Will the new politics of the twenty-fi rst century involve a consortium of technologists and environmentalists, or a progressive confrontation? These matters are of genuine concern to governmental agencies and legislative bodies around the world. F or those who make the decisions about how our planet is managed, there is an ongoing need for continual surveillance and intelligent controls to avoid endanger- ing the environment, public health, and wildlife. Ensuring safety-in-use of the many chemicals involved in our highly industrialized culture is a dynamic challenge, because the old, established materials are continually being displaced by newly developed molecules more acceptable to federal and state regulatory agencies, pub- lic health offi cials, and environmentalists. New legislation that will deal in an appropriate manner with this challenge is currently in the making or has been imple- mented recently, such as the REACH legislation in Europe. These regulations demand scientifi cally sound and documented dossiers on new chemicals. Reviews publishes synoptic articles designed to treat the presence, fate, and, if possible, the safety of xenobiotics in any segment of the environment. These reviews can be either general or specifi c, but properly lie in the domains of analytical chem- istry and its methodology, biochemistry, human and animal medicine, legislation, pharmacology, physiology, (eco)toxicology, and regulation. Certain affairs in food technology concerned specifi cally with pesticide and other food-additive problems may also be appropriate. B ecause manuscripts are published in the order in which they are received in fi nal form, it may seem that some important aspects have been neglected at times. However, these apparent omissions are recognized, and pertinent manuscripts are likely in preparation or planned. The fi eld is so very large and the interests in it are so varied that the editor and the editorial board earnestly solicit authors and sugges- tions of underrepresented topics to make this international book series yet more useful and worthwhile. Justifi cation for the preparation of any review for this book series is that it deals with some aspect of the many real problems arising from the presence of anthropo- genic chemicals in our surroundings. Thus, manuscripts may encompass case stud- ies from any country. Additionally, chemical contamination in any manner of air, water, soil, or plant or animal life is within these objectives and their scope. M anuscripts are often contributed by invitation. However, nominations for new topics or topics in areas that are rapidly advancing are welcome. Preliminary com- munication with the Editor-in-Chief is recommended before volunteered review manuscripts are submitted. R eviews is registered in WebofScience™. Inclusion in Preface ix the Science Citation Index serves to encourage scientists in academia to contribute to the series. The impact factor in recent years has increased from 2.5 in 2009 to almost 4 in 2013. The Editor-in-Chief and the Editorial Board strive for a further increase of the journal impact factor by actively inviting authors to submit manuscripts. Amsterdam, The Netherlands Pim de Voogt January 2015