Volume 225 David M. Whitacre Editor Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology VOLUME 225 For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/398 Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Editor David M. Whitacre Editorial Board Maria Fernanda Cavieres, Valparaiso, Chile (cid:129) Charles P. Gerba, Tucson, Arizona, USA John Giesy, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (cid:129) O. Hutzinger, Bayreuth, Germany James B. Knaak, Getzville, New York, USA James T. Stevens, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA Ronald S. Tjeerdema, Davis, California, USA (cid:129) Pim de Voogt, Amsterdam, The Netherlands George W. Ware, Tucson, Arizona, USA Founding Editor Francis A. Gunther VOLUME 225 Coordinating Board of Editors Dr. David M. Whitacre, Editor Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 5115 Bunch Road Summerfi eld, North Carolina 27358, USA (336) 634-2131 (PHONE and FAX) E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Erin R. Bennett, Editor Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research University of Windsor Windsor, Ontario, Canada Email:[email protected] Dr. Daniel R. Doerge, Editor Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 7719 12th Street Paron, Arkansas 72122, USA (501) 821-1147; FAX (501) 821-1146 E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 0179-5953 ISBN 978-1-4614-6469-3 ISBN 978-1-4614-6470-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6470-9 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword International concern in scienti fi c, industrial, and governmental communities over traces of xenobiotics in foods and in both abiotic and biotic environments has justi fi ed the present triumvirate of specialized publications in this fi eld: comprehen- sive reviews, rapidly published research papers and progress reports, and archival documentations. These three international publications are integrated and scheduled to provide the coherency essential for nonduplicative and current progress in a fi eld as dynamic and complex as environmental contamination and toxicology. This series is reserved exclusively for the diversi fi ed literature on “toxic” chemicals in our food, our feeds, our homes, recreational and working surroundings, our domes- tic animals, our wildlife, and ourselves. Tremendous efforts worldwide have been mobilized to evaluate the nature, presence, magnitude, fate, and toxicology of the chemicals loosed upon the Earth. Among the sequelae of this broad new emphasis is an undeniable need for an articulated set of authoritative publications, where one can fi nd the latest important world literature produced by these emerging areas of science together with documentation of pertinent ancillary legislation. Research directors and legislative or administrative advisers do not have the time to scan the escalating number of technical publications that may contain articles important to current responsibility. Rather, these individuals need the background provided by detailed reviews and the assurance that the latest information is made available to them, all with minimal literature searching. Similarly, the scientist assigned or attracted to a new problem is required to glean all literature pertinent to the task, to publish new developments or important new experimental details quickly, to inform others of fi ndings that might alter their own efforts, and eventu- ally to publish all his/her supporting data and conclusions for archival purposes. In the fi elds of environmental contamination and toxicology, the sum of these concerns and responsibilities is decisively addressed by the uniform, encompassing, and timely publication format of the Springer triumvirate: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology [Vol. 1 through 97 (1962–1986) as Residue Reviews] for detailed review articles concerned with any aspects of chemical contaminants, including pesticides, in the total e nvironment with toxicological considerations and consequences. v vi Foreword Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 1 in 1966) for rapid publication of short reports of signi fi cant advances and discoveries in the fi elds of air, soil, water, and food contamination and pollution as well as method- ology and other disciplines concerned with the introduction, presence, and effects of toxicants in the total environment. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (Vol. 1 in 1973) for important complete articles emphasizing and describing original experimental or theoretical research work pertaining to the scienti fi c aspects of chemical con- taminants in the environment. Manuscripts for Reviews and the Archives are in identical formats and are peer reviewed by scientists in the fi eld for adequacy and value; manuscripts for the Bulletin are also reviewed, but are published by photo-offset from camera-ready copy to provide the latest results with minimum delay. The individual editors of these three publications comprise the joint Coordinating Board of Editors with referral within the board of manuscripts submitted to one publication but deemed by major emphasis or length more suitable for one of the others. Coordinating Board of Editors Preface The role of R eviews is to publish detailed scienti fi c review articles on all aspects ofenvironmental contamination and associated toxicological consequences. Such articlesfacilitate the often complex task of accessing and interpreting cogent scienti fi cdata within the con fi nes of one or more closely related research fi elds. In the nearly 50 years since R eviews of Environmental Contamination andToxi- cology (formerly R esidue Reviews ) was fi rst published, the number, scope, andcom- plexity of environmental pollution incidents have grown unabated. During thisentire period, the emphasis has been on publishing articles that address the presenceand toxicity of environmental contaminants. New research is published each yearon a myriad of environmental pollution issues facing people worldwide. This fact,and the routine discovery and reporting of new environmental contamination cases,creates an increasingly important function for R eviews . The staggering volume of scienti fi c literature demands remedy by which data canbe synthesized and made available to readers in an abridged form. Reviews addressesthis need and provides detailed reviews worldwide to key scientists and science orpolicy administrators, whether employed by government, universities, or the privatesector. There is a panoply of environmental issues and concerns on which many scien- tistshave focused their research in past years. The scope of this list is quitebroad, encompassing environmental events globally that affect marine and terrestrialeco- systems; biotic and abiotic environments; impacts on plants, humans, andwildlife; and pollutants, both chemical and radioactive; as well as the ravages ofenvironmen- tal disease in virtually all environmental media (soil, water, air). Newor enhanced safety and environmental concerns have emerged in the last decade tobe added to incidents covered by the media, studied by scientists, and addressedby governmen- tal and private institutions. Among these are events so striking thatthey are creating a paradigm shift. Two in particular are at the center of everincreasingmedia as well as scienti fi c attention: bioterrorism and global warming.Unfortunately, these very worrisome issues are now superimposed on the alreadyextensive list of ongoing environmental challenges. The ultimate role of publishing scienti fi c research is to enhance understandingof the environment in ways that allow the public to be better informed. Theterm vii viii Preface “informed public” as used by Thomas Jefferson in the age of enlightenmentconveyed the thought of soundness and good judgment. In the modern sense, being“well informed” has the narrower meaning of having access to suf fi cient information. Because the public still gets most of its information on science and technologyfrom TV news and reports, the role for scientists as interpreters and brokers of scienti fi cinformation to the public will grow rather than diminish. Environmentalismis the newest global political force, resulting in the emergence of multinational con- sortiato control pollution and the evolution of the environmental ethic.Will the new- politics of the twenty- fi rst century involve a consortium of technologists and environmentalists,or a progressive confrontation? These matters are of genuine con- cernto governmental agencies and legislative bodies around the world. For those who make the decisions about how our planet is managed, there is anongoing need for continual surveillance and intelligent controls to avoid endan- geringthe environment, public health, and wildlife. Ensuring safety-in-use of the manychemicals involved in our highly industrialized culture is a dynamic challenge, forthe old, established materials are continually being displaced by newly develope- dmolecules more acceptable to federal and state regulatory agencies, public healthof fi cials, and environmentalists. Reviews publishes synoptic articles designed to treat the presence, fate, and, ifpossible, the safety of xenobiotics in any segment of the environment. These reviewscan be either general or speci fi c, but properly lie in the domains of analytical chemistryand its methodology, biochemistry, human and animal medicine, legislation,pharmacology, physiology, toxicology, and regulation. Certain affairs in food technologyconcerned speci fi cally with pesticide and other food-additive prob- lems mayalso be appropriate. Because manuscripts are published in the order in which they are received in fi nal form, it may seem that some important aspects have been neglected at times. However, these apparent omissions are recognized, and pertinent manuscripts arelikely in preparation or planned. The fi eld is so very large and the interests in itare so varied that the editor and the editorial board earnestly solicit authors andsuggestions of underrepresented topics to make this international book series yetmore useful and worthwhile. Justi fi cation for the preparation of any review for this book series is that it dealswith some aspect of the many real problems arising from the presence of for- eignchemicals in our surroundings. Thus, manuscripts may encompass case studies fromany country. Food additives, including pesticides, or their metabolites that may persistinto human food and animal feeds are within this scope. Additionally, chemi- calcontamination in any manner of air, water, soil, or plant or animal life is within theseobjectives and their purview. Manuscripts are often contributed by invitation. However, nominations for new- topics or topics in areas that are rapidly advancing are welcome. Preliminary com- municationwith the editor is recommended before volunteered review manuscriptsare submitted. Summerfi eld, North Carolina David M. Whitacre Contents Microbial Transformation of Trace Elements in Soils in Relation to Bioavailability and Remediation ............................. 1 Nanthi S. Bolan, Girish Choppala, Anitha Kunhikrishnan, Jinhee Park, and Ravi Naidu Biological Effects of Boron ............................................................................. 57 Mustafa Kabu and Murat Sirri Akosman Environmental Fate and Ecotoxicology of Fenpropathrin ......................... 77 Emerson Kanawi, Robert Budd, and Ronald S. Tjeerdema Use of Land Snails (Pulmonata) for Monitoring Copper Pollution in Terrestrial Ecosystems ................................................. 95 Dragos V. Nica, Despina-Maria Bordean, Aurica Breica Borozan, Iosif Gergen, Marian Bura, and Ionut Banatean-Dunea Index ................................................................................................................. 139 ix