REVIEW OF ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA Mark R. Brinker, MD Director of Acute and Reconstructive Trauma Texas Orthopedic Hospital and Fondren Orthopedic Group LLP Houston, Texas Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, Texas Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Acquisitions Editor: Brian Brown Production Project Manager: David Orzechowski Senior Product Manager: David Murphy Design Manager: Terry Mallon Manufacturing Manager: Benjamin Rivera Marketing Manager: Lisa Lawrence Compositor : S4Carlisle Publishing Services Copyright © 2013 by Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 530 Walnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19106 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Review of orthopaedic trauma / [edited by] Mark R. Brinker. — Second Edition. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “The second edition of Review of Orthopaedic Trauma covers the entire scope of adult and pediatric trauma care. Emphasis is placed on material likely to appear on board and training exams. An easy-to-use outline is provided for rapid access, exam preparation, or review of new and emerging topics. Information is organized by anatomic region”—Provided by publisher. E-ISBN: 978-1-4698-3018-6 I. Brinker, Mark R., editor of compilation. [DNLM: 1. Bone and Bones—injuries. 2. Joints—injuries. WE 200] 617.4'71044—dc23 2012049621 DISCLAIMER Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe generally accepted practices. 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Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service representatives are available from 8:30 am to 6:00 pm, EST. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To the three most amazing women on the planet: my mother Carole, my wife Newie, and my daughter Sloan. You gave me life, share my life, and make my life. In a world full of mangled extremities and infected nonunions, you are my shining lights of splendor. Dedication Contributors Foreword to the Second Edition Foreword to the First Edition Foreword to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Acknowledgments SECTION I: OVERVIEW CHAPTER 1 General Principles of Trauma JOSEPH R. HSU CHAPTER 2 Principles of Fractures MARK R. BRINKER AND DANIEL P. O’CONNOR CHAPTER 3 Principles of Deformities JOSEPH J. GUGENHEIM JR. CHAPTER 4 Biomechanics and Biomaterials FRANK A.B. GOTTSCHALK SECTION II: ADULT TRAUMA PART I THE LOWER EXTREMITY CHAPTER 5 Fractures of the Femoral Neck and Intertrochanteric Region ROBERT VICTOR CANTU AND KENNETH J. KOVAL CHAPTER 6 Fractures of the Femoral Shaft and Subtrochanteric Region SEAN E. NORK CHAPTER 7 Fractures of the Supracondylar Femoral Region MILAN K. SEN CHAPTER 8 Knee Dislocations, Fracture-Dislocations, and Traumatic Ligamentous Injuries of the Knee BRYON HOBBY, KRIS MOORE, KRISHNA TRIPURANENI, DUSTIN RICHTER, AND ROBERT C. SCHENCK JR. CHAPTER 9 Extensor Mechanism Injuries of the Knee LUKE S. CHOI, PETER W. ROSS, AND MARK D. MILLER CHAPTER 10 Tibial Plateau Fractures MARK R. BRINKER, DANIEL P. O’CONNOR, AND ROMAN SCHWARTSMAN CHAPTER 11 Tibial Shaft Fractures CATHERINE A. HUMPHREY AND JOHN T. GORCZYCA CHAPTER 12 Fractures of the Tibial Plafond MARK R. BRINKER AND DANIEL P. O’CONNOR CHAPTER 13 Injuries of the Ankle DONALD S. STEWART II AND WILLIAM C. MCGARVEY CHAPTER 14 Injuries of the Foot DONALD S. STEWART II AND WILLIAM C. MCGARVEY PART II THE PELVIS AND ACETABULUM CHAPTER 15 Pelvic Ring Injuries DAVID J. HAK CHAPTER 16 Fractures of the Acetabulum KYLE F. DICKSON CHAPTER 17 Hip Dislocations and Fractures of the Femoral Head STEVEN C. LOCHOW AND STEVEN A. OLSON PART III THE UPPER EXTREMITY CHAPTER 18 Fractures and Dislocations of the Shoulder Girdle GREGORY N. DRAKE AND T. BRADLEY EDWARDS CHAPTER 19 Proximal Humerus Fractures and Dislocations and Traumatic Soft-Tissue Injuries of the Glenohumeral Joint JERRY S. SHER AND PHILIP R. LOZMAN CHAPTER 20 Fractures of the Humeral Shaft ROBERT PROBE AND IAN WHITNEY CHAPTER 21 Fractures and Dislocations of the Elbow O. ALTON BARRON AND DAMIEN DAVIS CHAPTER 22 Forearm Injuries LISA K. CANNADA CHAPTER 23 Fractures and Dislocations of the Wrist R. JAY FRENCH CHAPTER 24 Injuries of the Hand THOMAS L. MEHLHOFF, C. CRAIG CROUCH, AND JAMES B. BENNETT PART IV THE SPINE CHAPTER 25 Spinal Cord and Related Injuries MICHAEL FEHLINGS, MARCUS TIMLIN, AND NICOLAS PHAN CHAPTER 26 General Principles of Vertebral Bony, Ligamentous, and Penetrating Injuries ROBERT GREENLEAF, JORY D. RICHMAN AND DANIEL T. ALTMAN CHAPTER 27 Cervical Spine Trauma JENS R. CHAPMAN AND SOHAIL R. MIRZA CHAPTER 28 Thoracolumbar Spine Fractures and Dislocations CHAMBLISS C. HARROD, MICHAEL BANFFY, AND MITCHEL B. HARRIS SECTION III: PEDIATRIC TRAUMA CHAPTER 29 General Principles of Pediatric Trauma WILLIAM D. MURRELL, MICHAEL W. WOLFE, FREDRIC H. WARREN, AND HOWARD R. EPPS CHAPTER 30 Pediatric Lower Extremity Injuries HOWARD R. EPPS CHAPTER 31 Pediatric Upper Extremity Injuries BRIAN E. GROTTKAU AND UMESH S. METKAR CHAPTER 32 Pediatric Spinal and Pelvic Injuries SCOTT ROSENFELD Daniel T. Altman, MD Director of Orthopaedic Spine Trauma Allegheny General Hospital Associate Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Drexel University College of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Michael B. Banffy, MD Orthopaedic Surgeon Beach Cities Orthopedics & Sports Medicine Manhattan Beach, California O. Alton Barron, MD Assistant Clinical Professor of Orthopaedics Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons Senior Attending St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center New York, New York James B. Bennett, MD Clinical Professor Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Division of Plastic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Chief of Staff Texas Orthopedic Hospital and Fondren Orthopedic Group LLP Houston, Texas Mark R. Brinker, MD Director of Acute and Reconstructive Trauma Texas Orthopedic Hospital and Fondren Orthopedic Group LLP Houston, Texas Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, Texas Clinical Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Tulane University School of Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Lisa K. Cannada, MD Associate Professor Orthopaedic Traumatology Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Saint Louis University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri Robert Victor Cantu, MD Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Lebanon, New Hampshire Jens R. Chapman, MD Professor Department Chair Director, Spine Service Hansjöerg Wyss Endowed Chair Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine University of Washington Seattle, Washington Luke S. Choi, MD Director Center for the Athlete’s Shoulder and Elbow Sports Medicine Regeneration Orthopedics St Louis, Missouri C. Craig Crouch, MD Orthopaedic Surgeon Texas Orthopedic Hospital and Fondren Orthopedic Group LLP Houston, Texas Damien Davis, MD Orthopaedic Surgery Resident St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital Center New York, New York Kyle F. Dickson, MD, MBA Professor of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Gregory N. Drake, MD Shoulder Fellow Fondren Orthopedic Group LLP Houston, Texas T. Bradley Edwards, MD