Reuse Value Spolia and Appropriation in Art and Architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine Edited by Richard Brilliant and Dale Kinney Reuse Value This book offers a range of views on spolia and appropriation in art and architecture from fourth-century Rome to the late twentieth century. Using case studies from different historical moments and cultures, contributors test the limits of spolia as a critical category and seek to define its specific character in relation to other forms of artistic appropriation. Several authors explore the ethical issues raised by spoliation and their implications for the evaluation and interpretation of new work made with spolia. The contemporary fascination with spolia is part of a larger cultural preoccupation with reuse, recycling, appropriation and re-presentation in the Western world. All of these practices speak to a desire to make use of pre- existing artifacts (objects, images, expressions) for contemporary purposes. Several essays in this volume focus on the distinction between spolia and other forms of reused objects. While some authors prefer to elide such distinctions, others insist that spolia entail some form of taking, often violent, and a diminution of the source from which they are removed. The book opens with an essay by the scholar most responsible for the popularity of spolia studies in the later twentieth century, Arnold Esch, whose seminal article “Spolien” was published in 1969. Subsequent essays treat late Roman antiquity, the eastern Mediterranean and the Western Middle Ages, medieval and modern attitudes to spolia in southern Asia, the Italian Renaissance, the European Enlightenment, modern America, and contemporary architecture and visual culture. Richard Brilliant is Professor of Art History & Archaeology and Anna S. Garbedian Professor in the Humanities Emeritus at Columbia University, USA; and Dale Kinney is Eugenia Chase Guild Professor in the Humanities Emeritus at Bryn Mawr College, USA. Robert Rauschenberg, Erased de Kooning Drawing, 1953, San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (Art © Estate of Robert Rauschenberg/Licensed by VAGA, New York, Reuse Value Spolia and Appropriation in Art and Architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine Edited by Richard Brilliant and Dale Kinney © Richard Brilliant and Dale Kinney 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Richard Brilliant and Dale Kinney have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East Suite 420 Union Road 101 Cherry Street Farnham Burlington, VT 05401–4405 Surrey, GU9 7PT USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Reuse value : spolia and appropriation in art and architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine. 1. Appropriation (Art) – History. 2. Appropriation (Art) – Case studies. 3. Building materials – Recycling – History. 4. Building materials – Recycling – Case studies. 5. Classical antiquities – Destruction and pillage. I. Brilliant, Richard. II. Kinney, Dale. 709–dc22 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Reuse value : spolia and appropriation in art and architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine / [editors], Richard Brilliant and Dale Kinney. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978–1–4094–2422–2 (hardcover : alk. paper) – ISBN 978–1–4094–3518–1 (ebook) 1. Architecture and history. 2. Building materials – Recycling. 3. Precious stones – Recycling. 4. Appropriation (Art) I. Brilliant, Richard. II. Kinney, Dale. III. Title: Spolia and appropriation in art and architecture from Constantine to Sherrie Levine. NA2543.H55R48 2011 709–dc22 2011014772 ISBN 9781409424222 (hbk) ISBN 9781409435181 (ebk) V Printed and bound in Great Britain by the MPG Books Group, UK Contents List of Figures vii About the Authors   xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction   1 Dale Kinney 1 OntheReuseofAntiquity:ThePerspectivesofthe ArchaeologistandoftheHistorian   13 Arnold Esch 2 ReadingSpolia inLateAntiquityandContemporary Perception   33 Paolo Liverani 3 TheUseofOlderElementsintheArchitectureofFourth-  andFifth-CenturyRome:AContributiontotheEvaluation  ofSpolia   53 Hugo Brandenburg 4 Spolia: ADefinitioninRuins   75 Michael Greenhalgh 5 AncientGemsintheMiddleAges:RichesandReady-mades   97 Dale Kinney 6 AppropriationasInscription:MakingHistoryintheFirst  FridayMosqueofDelhi   121 Finbarr Barry Flood vi ReuseValue 7 RenaissanceSpoliaandRenaissanceAntiquity (OneNeighborhood,ThreeCases)   149 Michael Koortbojian 8 AuthenticityandAlienation   167 Richard Brilliant 9 TheTribuneTower:SpoliaasDespoliation   179 Annabel J. Wharton 10 AMedievalMonumentanditsModernMythsofIconoclasm:  TheEnduringContestationsovertheQutbComplexinDelhi,  India   199 Mrinalini Rajagopalan 11 SpoliainContemporaryArchitecture:SearchingforOrnament  andPlace   223 Hans-Rudolf Meier 12 SomeThoughtsAbouttheSignificanceofPostmodern AppropriationArt   237 Donald Kuspit Epilogue:OpenSesame:TheArtTreasuresoftheWorldonCall   251 Richard Brilliant Index 255 List of Figures Frontispiece Robert Rauschenberg, grain-measure of the Roman commune, Erased de Kooning Drawing, 1953, San with the fourteenth-century engraving Francisco Museum of Modern Art (Art © of the communal coat of arms (photo: Estate of Robert Rauschenberg/Licensed Deutsches Archäologisches Institut Rom, by VAGA, New York, NY). Neg. 60.774). Fig. 1.6 Pieve San Giovanni near 1 On the Reuse of Antiquity Campiglia Marittima (Tuscany), twelfth- century: lintel imitating a Roman Fig. 1.1 Bevagna (Umbria), San sarcophagus (photo: Esch). Michele, end of the twelfth century: door jamb (photo: Esch). 5 Ancient Gems in the Middle Ages Fig. 1.2 Paros, Venetian kastro, thirteenth century: spolia from the Fig. 5.1 Herimann’s Cross, recto, Temple of Athena and a porticus on the Kolumba. Kunstmuseum des Erzbistums ancient agora (photo: Esch). Köln (photo: Rheinisches Bildarchiv Nr. 8361[a]). Fig. 1.3 Civita Castellana, Arch in honor of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, Fig. 5.2 Herimann’s Cross, verso, after c. 1480, constructed with selected pieces Schnitzler, Rheinische Schatzkammer, of the decoration of a demolished tomb Tafelband (Düsseldorf: Verlag L. Schwann, on the via Flaminia (photo: Esch). 1957), pl. 68. Fig. 1.4 Ostia, statue of Venus on Fig. 5.3 Herimann’s Cross, recto, head its discovery, now inv. 1239 in the of Christ/Roman imperial cameo (photo: museum of Ostia Antica (photo: Archivio Rheinisches Bildarchiv Nr. L2422/25). Fotografico della Sopraintendenza per i beni archeologici di Ostia, neg. B 2799). Fig. 5.4 Matthew Paris, Liber additamentorum, fol. 146v, drawing of the Fig. 1.5 Rome, Musei Capitolini, cameo of King Ethelred (photo: © British funerary inscription of Agrippina the Library Board, Cotton Nero D. I). Elder (CIL VI 886) from the Mausoleum of Augustus; used on the Capitol as the Fig. 5.5  The Lothar Cross, Aachen, viii Reuse Value Schatzkammer des Doms (photo: Erich di Giuliano da Sangallo: codice Vaticano Lessing/Art Resource, NY). Barberiniano Latino 4424 [Leipzig: Harrassowitz, 1910], vol. 1, pp. 52–3; reproduced courtesy of The Marquand 6 Appropriation as Inscription Library of Art and Archaeology, Princeton Fig. 6.1 Delhi, Qutb Mosque, eastern University Library). entrance with inscribed lintels (photo: Fig. 7.5 Rome, Porticus Octaviae, inner Flood). face of pediment as restored in 203 (photo: Fig. 6.2 Delhi, the Qutb Minar, 1199 Koortbojian). onwards (photo: Flood). 8 Authenticity and Alienation Fig. 6.3 Delhi, Qutb Mosque, northern courtyard arcade (photo: Flood). Fig. 8.1 Rome, Arch of Constantine, south side (photo: Brilliant). Fig. 6.4 Delhi, Qutb Mosque, schematic ground-plan in 1192 (Max Schneider). Fig. 8.2 Rome, Arch of Constantine, diagram showing origins of figural Fig. 6.5 Delhi, Qutb Mosque, schematic ornament (drawing: Alfred Frazer). ground-plan of the complex constructed in the 1220s (Max Schneider). Fig. 8.3 Nîmes, Augustan Temple (“Maison Carrée”) (photo: Vanni/Art Fig. 6.6 Delhi, Qutb Mosque, Iron Pillar Resource, NY). and Monumental Screen of the Prayer hall, added 1198 (photo: Flood). 9 The Tribune Tower 7 Renaissance Spolia Fig. 9.1 Chicago Tribune Competition, the winning submission by Hood Fig. 7.1 Rome, Palazzo Mattei, courtyard and Howells (after The International façade with spolia and inscription (photo: Competition for a New Administration Koortbojian). Building for the Chicago Tribune, MCMXXII, Fig. 7.2 Rome, House of Lorenzo Containing All the Designs Submitted in Manlio, façade with inscription (photo: Response to the Chicago Tribune’s $100,000 Koortbojian). Offer Commemorating Its Seventy-Fifth Anniversary, June 10, 1922 [Chicago: Fig. 7.3 Bernardo Gamucci, Le antichità Chicago Tribune Corporation, 1923], Plate della città di Roma (Venice: Giovanni 1 [copyright: fair use]). Varisco, 1580), fol. 137v, woodcut illustration of Sant’Angelo in Pescheria Fig. 9.2 Classical and Byzantine (photo: reproduced courtesy of The submissions, Chicago Tribune Tower Marquand Library of Art and Archaeology, Competition (after Chicago Tribune Tower Princeton University Library). Competition/Late Entries [New York: Rizzoli, 1980], vol. 1, p. 111 [copyright: fair Fig. 7.4 Giuliano da Sangallo, use]). Sant’Angelo in Pescheria, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Barb. Lat. 4424, Fig. 9.3 Chicago, Tribune Tower, street fol. 35v (after Christian Huelsen, Il Libro view of the façade (photo: Wharton). List of Figures ix Fig. 9.4 Chicago Tribune Tower, section 11 Spolia in Contemporary of the façade with fragments of the Architecture House (sic!) of Parliament, the dome of Fig. 11.1 Dresden, Caritas Building St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome, the pyramid at Gaza (sic! inscription in the process of Görlitzer Street, annex; architect: Dieter Winkler, 2003 (photo: Iris Engelmann, correction) and two pieces from temples Weimar/Dresden, 2009). in Cambodia (photo: Wharton). Fig. 11.2 Brunswick, “Schloss- 10 A Medieval Monument Arkaden” with spolia used to reconstruct the façade of the former Ducal Palace, Fig. 10.1 Archaeological Survey of 2007 (photo: Meier). India, slide of Krishnagiri, c. 1906–07 (photo: © British Library Board, Photo Fig. 11.3 Utrecht, City Hall, new 3/2, 64). wing with spolia from a former annex; architects: Enric Miralles and Benedetta Fig. 10.2 Delhi, Qutb complex, Jain Tagliabue, 1997–2001 (photo: Martin and Hindu spolia in the Quwwat-ul- Thumm, Hildesheim, 2010). Islam Mosque courtyard, 2009 (photo: Rajagopalan). Fig. 11.4 Berlin, Residence on Lindenstraße, front section of the Fig. 10.3 Delhi, Qutb Mosque, Iron Wohnpark at the Berlin Museum Pillar, photograph by Charles Shepherd, with spolia exhibited as found objects; c. 1872 (photo: Collection Centre architects: Werner Kreis and Ueli and Canadien d’Architecture/Canadian Peter Schaad (photo: Meier, 2010). Centre for Architecture, Montréal). Fig. 11.5 Munich, “Klostergarten Fig. 10.4 Supervisor and molders Lehel” with neo-Romanesque biforia in the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, from the previous structure; architects: photograph by Charles Shepherd, c. Hild und K, 2009 (photo: Thomas Will, 1872 (photo: Collection Centre Canadien Dresden, 2009). d’Architecture/Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montréal).