Springer Series on Environmental Management Series Editors Bruce N. Anderson Planreal Australasia, Keilor, Victoria, Australia Robert W. Howarth Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Lawrence R. Walker University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/412 M. Luisa Martínez Juan B. Gallego-Fernández • Patrick A. Hesp Editors Restoration of Coastal Dunes 123 Editors Dr. M.LuisaMartínez Dr. PatrickA.Hesp Redde EcologíaFunctional School oftheEnvironment Institutode Ecología,A.C. Faculty ofScience and Engineering Xalapa, Veracruz Flinders University Mexico Adelaide,SA Australia Dr. JuanB. Gallego-Fernández Departamento de BiologíaVegetal y Ecología Universidad deSevilla Sevilla Spain ISSN 0172-6161 ISBN 978-3-642-33444-3 ISBN 978-3-642-33445-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-33445-0 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012954384 (cid:2)Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthe work. 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Coverphotograph:J.C.Hidalgo/Fotolia.com Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience?BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface The continuously growing human population along the coasts of our world will exacerbate the impact of human activities on all coastal environments. Therefore, restoration activities will become increasingly important. In particular, sandy shores and coastal dunes will require significant restoration efforts because they are preferred sites for human settlements and tourism. A major problem is that research into coastal dunes is scarce, despite the relative economic, social, and ecological importance of these ecosystems. The literature that deals with coastal dunerestorationhasincreasedsignificantlyoverthelastdecade,butthefewbooks published on the subject mostly emphasize mid-latitude dune systems. As of January 2011, the ISI Web of Science database contained more than 60,000 articlesonrestoration,butlessthan100ofthem(\0.1 %)focusoncoastaldunes, beaches, and slacks (or deflation basins and plains). In general, the information available on the ecology of coastal sand dunes is very uneven, and broad geo- graphical syntheses are rare. Examples of local coverage generally come from Europe and North America. There is a general lack of attention given to low- latitude coastal environments where much of the current exploitation and coastal development of tourism is occurring. To our knowledge, there are no books that deal with coastal dune restoration from a global perspective. The need for a worldwide compilation of experiences of restoration efforts is therefore evident. The International Conference on Management and Restoration of Coastal Dunes(Santander,Spain,3–5October2007)providedanimpetustocompareand contrast different restoration projects around the world and initiate interdisci- plinaryandcomparativestudies.Thisbookisthefirststeptowardthedevelopment ofinternational cooperationamong thoseconcerned aboutcoastal sand dunes and their restoration. This book is directed mainly at graduate students and colleagues who are interested in biological, ecological, geographical, and environmental sciences. Thisbookwillalsobeusefultothosewithaninterestinconservationbiologyand coastal management who seek information on the different strategies that have been used torestorecoastal dunes indifferent regionsofthe world. This goal can onlybeachievedafteracomprehensivereviewandcomparisonofongoingstudies v vi Preface and restoration activities, where ‘‘successful’’ and ‘‘failed’’ studies or approaches (however they are determined) are compared and contrasted. Finally, this book will be a resource for coastal planners, as well as for local and state officials, residentsofcoastalcommunities,environmentaladvocates,developers,andothers concerned with coastal issues. A major product of this book is a compendium of empirical experiences showingthatcoastaldunerestorationhasmanymeanings,andthus,leadstomany different actions. Coastal dune restoration may have the goal of increasing vege- tation cover and reducing substrate mobility, but it may also aim to remobilize sandy terrains in order to counteract the negative impact of overstabilization: reduceddiversity.Here,therelevanceofthedifferentgoalsinrestorationisshown very clearly. Themeetingsheldtoputtogetherthisbookandorganizethechaptersreceived partial funding from grant no. 23669 (SEMARNAT-CONACYT), coordinated by M. Luisa Martinez. We are very grateful to Dieter Czseschlik, from Springer- Verlag,whooriginallyinvitedJuanB.Gallego-Fernándeztowriteaproposalfora book on coastal dune restoration. It was he who ignited this idea. Lawrence R. Walker read this book several times and provided very useful comments and recommendations. We are also grateful to Andrea Schlitzberger for her constant interest and support throughout the different stages of this book. Finally, we would like to thank our families and children for bearing with us while we were writing, assembling, and reviewing all the chapters. Thank you to Graziela Miot Da Silva, Nicholas Hesp (again!), Jonathan, Phoebe and Sebastian Hesp, Chary García , María Gallego García, Octavio Pérez-Maqueo, and Valeria Pérez Martínez. This book is dedicated to the memory of M. Anwar Maun (1935–2007), cherishedfriendandcolleaguewhowasaleaderincoastalduneecologicalstudies. He is dearly missed by us and by all the coastal dune scientific community. M. Luisa Martínez Juan B. Gallego-Fernández Patrick A. Hesp Contents 1 Coastal Dunes: Human Impact and Need for Restoration . . . . . . 1 M. Luisa Martínez, Patrick A. Hesp and Juan B. Gallego-Fernández Part I Restoring Foredunes 2 Foredune Restoration in Urban Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Karl F. Nordstrom and Nancy L. Jackson 3 Restoration of Coastal Foredunes, a Geomorphological Perspective: Examples from New York and from New Jersey, USA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Norbert P. Psuty and Tanya M. Silveira 4 Natural Plant Diversity Development on a Man-Made Dune System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Peter Vestergaard 5 Restoration of Foredunes and Transgressive Dunefields: Case Studies from New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Patrick A. Hesp and Michael J. Hilton 6 Foredune Restoration Before and After Hurricanes: Inevitable Destruction, Certain Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Rusty Feagin vii viii Contents Part II Restoring Inland Costal Dunes: Dunefields and Wetslacks 7 Restoration of Dune Mobility in The Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Sebastiaan M. Arens, Quirinus L. Slings, Luc H. W. T. Geelen and Harrie G. J. M. Van der Hagen 8 The Impact of Dune Stabilization on the Conservation Status of Sand Dune Systems in Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Peter Rhind, Rod Jones and Laurence Jones 9 Restoration of Andalusian Coastal Juniper Woodlands . . . . . . . . 145 J. C. Muñoz-Reinoso, C. Saavedra Azqueta and I. Redondo Morales 10 Dune Restoration Over Two Decades at the Lanphere and Ma-le’l Dunes in Northern California. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Andrea J. Pickart 11 Restoration of Coastal Sand Dunes for Conservation of Biodiversity: The Israeli Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Pua Bar (Kutiel) 12 Passive Recovery of Mediterranean Coastal Dunes Following Limitations to Human Trampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Alicia Teresa Rosario Acosta, Tommaso Jucker, Irene Prisco and Riccardo Santoro 13 Restoration of Dune Ecosystems Following Mining in Madagascar and Namibia: Contrasting Restoration Approaches Adopted in Regions of High and Low Human Population Density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Roy A. Lubke 14 The Impacts on Natural Vegetation Following the Establishment of Exotic Casuarina Plantations. . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Patricia Moreno-Casasola, M. Luisa Martínez, Gonzalo Castillo-Campos and Adolfo Campos 15 Restoration of Dune Vegetation in The Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . 235 Ab P. Grootjans, Bikila S. Dullo, Annemieke M. Kooijman, Renée M. Bekker and Camiel Aggenbach Contents ix 16 Interdune Wetland Restoration in Central Veracruz, Mexico: Plant Diversity Recovery Mediated by the Hydroperiod. . . . . . . . 255 Hugo López-Rosas, Patricia Moreno-Casasola, Fabiola López-Barrera, Lorena E. Sánchez-Higueredo, Verónica E. Espejel-González and Judith Vázquez Part III The Costs of Coastal Dune Restoration and Ecosystem Services 17 TheValueofCoastalSandDunesasaMeasuretoPlan anOptimalPolicyforInvasivePlantSpecies:TheCase oftheAcaciasalignaattheNizzanimLTERCoastal SandDuneNatureReserve,Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 David Lehrer, Nir Becker and Pua Kutiel (Bar) 18 The Coasts and Their Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 O. Pérez-Maqueo, M. L. Martínez, D. Lithgow, G. Mendoza-González, R. A. Feagin and J. B. Gallego-Fernández Part IV Conclusions 19 Multicriteria Analysis to Implement Actions Leading to Coastal Dune Restoration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Debora Lithgow, M. Luisa Martínez and Juan B. Gallego-Fernández 20 Coastal Dune Restoration: Trends and Perspectives. . . . . . . . . . . 323 M. Luisa Martínez, Patrick A. Hesp and Juan B. Gallego-Fernández Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Contributors AliciaTeresaRosarioAcosta DepartmentofEnvironmentalBiology,Università di Roma Tre, V.le Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy, e-mail: [email protected] Camiel Aggenbach DepartmentofEnergyandEnvironmentalStudies,Facultyof Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Gron,UniversityofGroningen,Nijenborgh4,9747AGGroningen,TheNetherlands Sebastiaan M. Arens Bureau for Beach and Dune Research, Amsterdam, TheNetherlands,e-mail:[email protected] FabiolaLópez Barrera Red deEcología Funcional,Institutode Ecología,A.C., AntiguacarreteraaCoatepecNo.351,ElHaya,91070ElHaya,Xalapa,Veracruz, Mexico NirBecker DepartmentofEconomicsandManagement,TelHaiCollege,12210 Upper Galilee, Israel, e-mail: [email protected] Renee Bekker Department of Energy and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Gron,UniversityofGroningen,Nijenborgh4,9747AGGroningen,TheNetherlands AdolfoCampos ReddeEcologíaFuncional,InstitutodeEcología,A.C.,Antigua carreteraaCoatepecNo.351,ElHaya,91070ElHaya,Xalapa,Veracruz,Mexico Gonzalo Castillo-Campos Instituto de Ecología A.C, Red de Biodiversidad, Xalapa, Veracruz, México Bikila W. Dullo Department of Energy and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Gron,UniversityofGroningen,Nijenborgh4,9747AGGroningen,TheNetherlands VerónicaE.EspejelGonzález ReddeEcologíaFuncional,InstitutodeEcología, A.C., Antigua carretera a Coatepec No. 351, El Haya, 91070 El Haya, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico xi xii Contributors Rusty Feagin Spatial Sciences Laboratory, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA, e- mail: [email protected] Juan B. Gallego-Fernández Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Sevilla, Ap.1095, 41080 Sevilla, Spain, e-mail: [email protected] Luc H. W. T. Geelen Research and Development, Waternet, Vogelenzang, The Netherlands Ab Grootjans Department of Energy and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Gron, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Nether- lands,e-mail:[email protected] Harrie G. J. M. Van der Hagen Dunea, Voorburg, The Netherlands PatrickA.Hesp SchooloftheEnvironment,FacultyofScienceandEngineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia, e-mail: Patrick.hesp@flinders.edu.au Michael J. Hilton Department of Geography (Te Ihowhenua), University of Otago (Te Whare Wananga o Otago), PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand Nancy L. Jackson Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New JerseyInstituteofTechnology,Newark,NJ07102,USA,e-mail:[email protected] LaurenceJones CentreforEcologyandHydrology,EnvironmentCentreWales, Deiniol Road, Bangor LL57 2UW, Wales, UK, e-mail: [email protected] RodJones CountrysideCouncilforWalesBangor,GwyneddLL572DN,Wales, UK, e-mail: [email protected] Tommaso Jucker Department of Environmental Biology, Università di Roma Tre, V.le Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy AnnemiekeKooijman DepartmentofEnergyandEnvironmentalStudies,Faculty ofMathematicsandNaturalSciences,EnergyandSustainabilityResearchInstitute Gron,UniversityofGroningen,Nijenborgh4,9747AGGroningen,TheNetherlands Pua Bar Kutiel Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-GurionUniversity,P.O.B.653,84105BeerSheva,Israel,e-mail:kutiel@bgu. ac.il David Lehrer The Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, 88840 Kibbutz Ketura, D.N. Hevel Eilot, Israel, e-mail: [email protected] D. Lithgow Red de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Antigua carreteraaCoatepecNo.351,ElHaya,91070ElHaya,Xalapa,Veracruz,Mexico