Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 835 Neuroscience and Respiration Mieczyslaw Pokorski Editor Respirator y Infections Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology Neuroscience and Respiration Volume 835 Editorial Board Irun R. Cohen, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel N.S.AbelLajtha,KlineInstituteforPsychiatricResearch,Orangeburg,NY,USA John D. Lambris, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Rodolfo Paoletti, University of Milan, Milan, Italy Subseries Editor Mieczyslaw Pokorski For furthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/13457 Mieczyslaw Pokorski Editor Respiratory Infections Editor MieczyslawPokorski InstituteofPsychology UniversityofOpole Poland ISSN0065-2598 ISSN2214-8019(electronic) ISBN978-3-319-10014-2 ISBN978-3-319-10015-9(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-10015-9 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014957140 #SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthis legalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterial suppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,for exclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofis permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its currentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Permissionsfor usemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateof publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty, expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface ThisisanewbookseriesentitledNeuroscienceandRespiration,asubseries of Springer’s renowned Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Thebookvolumespresentcontributionsbyexpertresearchersandclinicians inthefieldofpulmonarydisorders.Thechaptersprovidetimelyoverviewsof contentious issues or recent advances in the diagnosis, classification, and treatmentoftheentirerangeofpulmonarydisorders,bothacuteandchronic. Thetextsarethoughtasamergerofbasicandclinicalresearchdealingwith respiratorymedicine, neural andchemicalregulationofrespiration, and the interactive relationship between respiration and other neurobiological systemssuchascardiovascularfunctionorthemind-to-bodyconnection.In detail,topicsincludelungfunction,hypoxiclungpathologies,epidemiology ofrespiratoryailments,sleep-disorderedbreathing,imaging,andbiomarkers. Other needful areas of interest are acute respiratory infections or chronic inflammatoryconditionsoftherespiratorytract,exemplifiedbyasthmaand chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or those underlain by still unknownfactors,suchassarcoidosis,respiratoryallergies,lungcancer,and autoimmunedisordersinvolvingtherespiratorysystem. Theprominentexpertswillfocustheirpresentationsontheleading-edge therapeutic concepts, methodologies, and innovative treatments. Pharmaco- therapy is always in the focus of respiratory research. The action and pharmacology of existing drugs and the development and evaluation of new agents are the heady area of research. Practical, data-driven options to manage patients willbeconsidered. Thechapterswillpresentnewresearch regarding older drugs, performed from a modern perspective or from a different pharmacotherapeutic angle. The introduction of new drugs and treatment approaches in both adults and children will be discussed. The problem of drug resistance, its spread, and deleterious consequences will bedealtwithaswell. Lung ventilation is ultimately driven by the brain. However, neuropsy- chologicalaspectsofrespiratorydisordersarestillmostlyamatterofconjec- ture. After decades of misunderstanding and neglect, emotions have been rediscovered as a powerful modifier or even the probable cause of various somatic disorders. Today, the link between stress and respiratory health is undeniable. Scientists accept a powerful psychological connection that can directlyaffectourqualityoflifeandhealthspan.Psychologicalapproaches, v vi Preface bydecreasingstress,canplayamajorroleinthedevelopmentandcourseof respiratorydisease,andthemind-bodytechniquescanaidintheirtreatment. Neuromolecular aspects relating to gene polymorphism and epigenesis, involvingbothheritablechangesinthenucleotidesequenceandfunctionally relevantchangestothegenomethatdonotinvolveachangeinthenucleotide sequence, leading to respiratory disorders will also be tackled. Clinical advances stemming from basic molecular and biochemical research are but possibleiftheresearchfindingsare“translated”intodiagnostictools,thera- peutic procedures, and education, effectively reaching physicians and patients.Allthatcannotbeachievedwithoutamultidisciplinary,collabora- tive,“bench-to-bedside”approachinvolvingbothresearchersandclinicians, whichistheessenceofthebookseriesNeuroscienceandRespiration. Thesocietalandeconomicburdenofrespiratoryailmentshasbeenonthe rise worldwide leading to disabilities and shortening of life span. COPD alone causes more than three million deaths globally each year. Concerted efforts are required to improve this situation, and part of those efforts are gaining insights into the underlying mechanisms of disease and staying abreast with the latest developments in diagnosis and treatment regimens. It is hoped that the books published in this series will fulfill such a role by assumingaleadingroleinthefieldofrespiratorymedicineandresearchand willbecomeasourceofreferenceandinspirationforfutureresearchideas. Titlesappearing inNeuroscience andRespiration will be assembled ina novel way in that chapters will first be published online to enhance their speedyvisibility.Oncethereareenoughchapterstoformabook,thechapters willbeassembledintocompletevolumes.Attheend,Iwouldliketoexpress my deep gratitude to Mr. Martijn Roelandse and Ms. Tanja Koppejan from Springer’sLifeSciencesDepartmentfortheirgenuineinterestinmakingthis scientific endeavor come through and in the expert management of the productionofthisnovelbookseries. Opole,Poland MieczyslawPokorski Volume 4: Respiratory Infections Thesuccessfulprophylaxisandtreatmentofubiquitousrespiratoryinfections isessentialfortheenhancementofpublichealth.Thechaptersprovidenew insightsinto the biologyofcausativepathogens, tackle the epidemiological aspects, and present an update on diagnostics, prevention, and therapy of infections.Theemergingnewpathogensandantibioticresistanceoftheold ones are discussed. Novel markers of the severity of community-acquired pneumonia,whichbearshighmorbidityandmortality,arealsopresented. vii Contents SolubleUrokinasePlasminogenActivatorReceptor: AnIndicatorofPneumoniaSeverityinChildren. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 A.Wrotek,T.Jackowska,andK.Pawlik DetectionofRespiratoryTractPathogens withMolecularBiologyMethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A.Wozniak-Kosek,J.Kosek,andB.Zielnik-Jurkiewicz ClassicalAgainstMolecular-GeneticMethods forSusceptibilityTestingofAntituberculotics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 I.Porvaznik,J.Mokry,andI.Solovic DoesCustomerInformationFulfillMEDDEVCriteria inCasesofProductProblemsofInVitroDiagnostics forInfectionTesting?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Ju¨rgenHannigandRu¨digerSiekmeier SodiumandCopeptinLevelsinChildrenwithCommunity AcquiredPneumonia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 AugustWrotek,TeresaJackowska,andKatarzynaPawlik EtiologicalFactorsCausingLowerRespiratory TractInfectionsIsolatedfromHospitalizedPatients. . . . . . . . . . . 37 A.Guzek,Z.Rybicki,K.Korzeniewski,K.Mackiewicz, E.Saks,A.Chciałowski,andE.Zwolin´ska AntibioticConsumptionPatternintheNeonatalSpecial CareUnitBeforeandAfterImplementation oftheHospital’sAntibioticPolicy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 A.Nitsch-Osuch,D.Kurpas,E.Kuchar,K.Z˙ycin´ska, T.Zielonka,andK.Wardyn ix