Respiratory Diseases in Cattle Current Topics in Veterinary Medicine Volume 3 other titles in this series Volume 1 Control of Reproduction in the Cow edited by J. R. Sreenan Volume 2 Patterns of Growth and Development in Cattle edited by H. de Boer and J. Martin Respiratory Diseases in Cattle A Seminar in the EEC Programme of Coordination of Research on Beef Production held at Edinburgh, November 8-10, 1977 Sponsored by the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Agriculture, Coordination of Agricultural Research Edited by W.B. Martin Animal Diseases Research Association, Moredun Institute, Edinburgh Martinus Nijhoff - The Hague/Boston/London 1978 for The Commission of the European Communities Publication arranged by Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General Scientific and Technical Information and Information Management, Luxembourg. EUR 6010 EN ©ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels-Luxembourg, 1978 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1978 LEGAL NOTICE Neither the Commission of the European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information. ISBN -13 :978-94-009-9752-3 e-ISBN -13: 978-94-009-9750-9 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-9750-9 Table of contents Preface IX Opening Remarks XI SESSION 1 : INCIDENCE Variation in the respiratory virus status of large bovine units in Belgium F. Lomba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Respiratory diseases in calves - incidence and epidemiology in Denmark O. Aalund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Epidemiological survey of infectious bovine rhynotracheitis in France G. Dannacher and M. Fedida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Respiratory diseases in cattle, disease incidence and epidemiology - the situation in Germany H. Frerking .............................. 30 Respiratory diseases in cattle in the Republic of Ireland H. Thornberry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Statistical data on calf mortality and diseases in Italian beef and dairy herds G. Rognoni and A. Bergamaschi .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39 Bovine respiratory diseases -the situation in the Netherlands A. van Nieuwstadt, P. Straver and C. Holzhauer ...... . 47 Disease incidence and epidemiology -the situation in the UK L. H. Thomas ......... . . . . . . . . . . 57 A serosurvey of viruses during outbreaks of acute respiratory/enteric disease in Swedish cattle J. Moreno-Lopez and B. Morein 66 Disease incidence and epidemiology -the situation in the USA D. G. McKercher 71 Discussion 84 SESSION 2A: PARASITIC AND ADULT. 89 The pneumonias of adult cattle I.E. Selman ........ . 91 The pulmonary lesions characteristic of parasitic bronchitis and the com moner pneumonias of adult cattle in Britain H.M.Pirie ............................... 102 VI Dictyocaulosis in Germany H.J. Burger and V. Bunke 117 Allergic pathophysiology of bovine lung P. Eyre 129 Discussion 138 SESSION 2B: ENVIRONMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Influence of environment on respiratory disease A. Wiseman .. . ............ . 149 Influence of environment on respiratory disease D. G. McKercher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Some factors influencing respiratory disease in growing bulls and the effect of treatment on liveweight A.H.Andrews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Studies of calf respiratory disease in a large commercial veal unit W. M. Miller, J. W. Harkness, M. S. Richards and D. G. Pritchard 181 Discussion 195 SESSION 3: PNEUMONIA/VIRUSES 209 On respiratory viral infections in cattle in Denmark V. Bitsch ................... . 211 Bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection and symptoms of atypical intersti tial pneumonia C. Holzhauer 216 Epidemiology of respiratory diseases in calves in 1977 in the West of France C. Le Jan and A. Asso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 The role of viruses in acute respiratory disease of cattle E. J. Stott, L. H. Thomas, A. P. Collins, S. Hamilton, J. Jebbett and P. D. Luther 230 The role of viruses as aetiologic agents for respiratory diseases in cattle O. C. Straub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 The respiratory troubles in cattle in Belgium G. Wellemans, R. Strobbe and E. van Opdenbosch 248 Discussion 257 SESSION 4A: MYCOPLASMAS . . . . . . . . . . 277 Mycoplasmas involved in bovine pneumonia H. Ern(!). . .............. . 279 VII Respiratory disease and the incidence of pulmonary myco- plasmasmosis in intensively-reared calves in Italy P. Pignatelli . . . . . . . . . . 284 Isolation and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas from the res- piratory tract of calves R.N. Gourlay and C.J. Howard . 295 Some features of pulmonary mycoplasmosis in groups of naturally infected calves E.M. Allan 305 Defence mechanisms in calves against respiratory infections with myco plasmas C.J. Howard, R.N. Gourlay and G. Taylor 317 Discussion 326 SESSION 4B: BACTERIAL. 343 Pulmonary bacterial flora of pneumonic and non-pneumonic calves E. M. Allan ........................... 345 The role of pasteurallae in respiratory diseases of cattle N.J.L. Gilmour 356 Discussion 363 SESSION 5A: PATHOLOGY 379 The pathology of calfhood pneumonias L. H. Thomas ........... . 381 Some pulmonary lesions of calves and their significance H.M. Pirie. 389 Discussion 402 SESSION 5B: THERAPY 407 Pharmacological considerations of current methods of therapy P. Eyre ......................... . 409 Treatment of infectious respiratory disease of calves B. Martin 417 Discussion 423 SESSION 5C: IMMUNITY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 429 Parainfluenza-3 virus neuraminidase and antineuraminidase in infection and protection of the bovine respiratory tract B. Morein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 431 VIII The respiratory tract immune system K.L. Morgan and F.J. Bourne 440 Anaphylactic antibodies in cattle - Their colostral transmission to calves and possible localisation in the respiratory tract K. Petzoldt and C. von Benten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 452 Immunology in calf respiratory disease C. Le Jan and J. M. Asso 459 Discussion 476 SESSION 6A: VACCINATION 485 Bovine respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infection and vaccination experi ments A. van Nieuwstadt 487 Results of a small field trial with a multicomponent inactivated respiratory viral vaccine S. P. Morzaria, B.A. Maund, M. S. Richards and J. W. Harkness . . . . .. 497 Vaccination against bovine enzootic pneumonia G. Wizigmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Experimental assessment of parainfluenza type 3 virus vaccines P. W. Wells, J. M. Sharp and W. D. Smith ......... .. 515 Enzootic bronchopneumonia in young cattle, a constant challenge to the clinician H.J. Breukink 521 Discussion 527 SESSION 6B: APPLICATION OF RESEARCH AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 535 Application of research and future developments J.B. McFerran, D.G. Bryson and M.S. McNulty 537 Discussion 548 Summary D. G. McKercher 549 Closing remarks P. L'Hermite 554 List of participants 557 PREFACE Not so many years ago little attention was paid to non-parasitic respiratory diseases of cattle because they seemed of minor importance. However, in the past twenty years, as the number of cattle kept on any farm unit increased under economic pressures, there has been a concomitant rise in the prevalence of respiratory illness. Investigations into cattle respiratory diseases have become a significant part of the research effort in most countries of Europe. Initially much work went into finding, like the alchemist's stone, the orgdnism responsible for causing cattle respiratory disease. Many viruses were isolated and over the years a long list of those recovered from the respiratory tract of cattle has been prepared. Unfortunately, few of these viruses on their own are recognised as proven pathogens and no single virus provides the complete aetiological answer to bovine respiratory disease. More recently, perhaps in despair, g~eater attention has been directed to the role of mycoplasma and, additionally. a revival of interest has taken place in the significant part played by bacteria in the later stages of res piratory disease. Now, phrases such as "multifactorial disease" are being commonly used to describe the complex situation with respiratory disease. The respiratory infections of cattle do not respect international boundaries. All countries involved in intensive beef or dairy production are afflicted with the problem and the movement of large numbers of cattle within, and between, countries disseminates infection and encourages outbreaks of disease. Changes in agriCUltural methods as the result of economic pres sures must be accepted. Consequently. veterinary surgeons and others engaged in combating livestock diseases must perforce be involved in finding effective ways to reduce or eliminate the deaths and performance losses which follow in the wake of intensive animal production. It is with this aim in mind that this Seminar has been organised on behalf of the Directorate General of Agriculture of the Commission of the European Communities and the participants collected together for three days of intensive discussion. By such exchange of information and ideas it is hoped that all those involved in the problem of respiratory disease in cattle X will be brought up to date with the situation in each country and with the current research findings throughout Europe. Answers to the problems of respiratory disease must and will be found, and it is through the stimulation of seminars such as this one that progress will be hastened.