P.E., Ph.D. Reservoir Sedimentation Cite as: Morris, Gregory L. and Fan, Jiahua. 1998. Handbook , McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. Electronic version of the original 1998 publication by McGraw-Hill Book Co. This fully-searchable version contains minor corrections. © Gregory L. Morris and Jiahua Fan Gregory L. Morris, Gregory L. Morris Engineering P.O. Box 9024157 San Juan, Puerto Rico 00902 Tel. (787) 723-8005 [email protected] [email protected] Jiahua FAN China Inst. Of Water Resources & Hydropower Research 20 West Chegongzhuang Road Beijing, China [email protected] Ver. 1.04 December 2010 ELECTRONIC VERSION For Daniel, Richard… And others of the next generation. ® Use “BOOKMARKS” on left-hand side of the Adobe PDF file viewer for full table of contents and “jump-to” capability Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Reservoirs and Sustainable Development Chapter 3. Engineering Features of Dams and Reservoirs Chapter 4. Concepts of Reservoir Limnology Chapter 5. Sediment Properties Chapter 6. Erosion Chapter 7. Sediment Yield from Watersheds Chapter 8. Fluvial Morphology and Sediment Sampling Chapter 9. Hydraulics of Sediment Transport Chapter 10. Sediment Deposits in Reservoirs Chapter 11. Modeling of Sediment Transport and Deposition in Reservoirs CONTENTS (abbreviated) Chapter 12. Reduction in Sediment Yield Chapter 13. Sediment Routing Chapter 14. Turbid Density Currents Chapter 15. Flushing Chapter 16. Sediment Evacuation Chapter 17. Decommissioning of Dams Chapter 18. Environmental and Regulamentory Issues Chapter 19. Case Study: Cachí Hydropower Reservoir, Costa Rica Chapter 20. Case Study: Loíza Reservoir Case Study, Puerto Rico Chapter 21. Case Study: Gebidem Dam and Reservoir, Switzerland Chapter 22. Case Study: North Fork Feather River, California Chapter 23. Case Study: Sefid-Rud Reservoir, Iran Chapter 24: Case Study, Sanmenxia Reservoir, China Chapter 24. Case Study, Heisonglin Reservoir, China PREFACE TO ELECTRONIC VERSION Ver. 1.04 Sediment issues at reservoirs are growing, as is the world community’s awareness to this issue. To further the dissemination of information on this topic, the authors are making the Reservoir Sedimentation Handbook freely available in searchable electronic form. This document was prepared from scans of the original, which were converted to text and then re-formatted to match as closely as possible the original book. All figures, tables and headings fall on the same page as in the original, but paragraph breaks are not exactly the same. This version includes a correction to Figure 9.11, several known typographical and grammatical errors in the original have been corrected, and hopefully the errors introduced by the text recognition software have themselves all been found and fixed. The original index has not been reproduced, since the text is now fully searchable. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Richard Morris and Julian and Christopher Libby in the tedious work of preparing the electronic version. Versions: 1.04 Reconstruction of “Bookmarks” in Adobe Acrobat as Table of Contents 1.03 Includes the entire chapter 2, which was accidently truncated in the prior file compilation process. Several typographical errors have also been corrected. 1.02 Corrects a number of typographical errors. Gregory L. Morris San Juan Jiahua Fan (FAN Jiahua) Beijing PREFACE When the first author began researching problems of reservoir sedimentation many years ago, the lack of a book-type treatment of the subject became immediately apparent. While there is a significant amount of literature, it is widely scattered, written in several languages, and much of it is "gray literature" published in the form of engineering reports and conference proceedings which is not readily accessible. This handbook is an outgrowth of the need for a comprehensive treatment of this complex subject. An in-depth treatment of each of the major technical topics is, of course, impossible within the context of a single handbook, and the treatment herein is by no means comprehensive and all- inclusive. The topics in each chapter are themselves of sufficient complexity to warrant book- length treatment. It is hoped that this conceptual overview of the major themes in each topic area, supported with a list of references and case studies, will facilitate the readers' comprehension of existing and potential problems at their own particular reservoir and watershed, and the types of remedial actions that have proved useful at other sites. The authors strongly feel that the most fundamental problem is to properly diagnose a sedimentation issue and select the conceptually appropriate course of action. Once the nature of the problem has been conceptually identified and one or more feasible courses of action identified, the approach to be used for subsequent detailed technical studies will usually be clear. The first author's research on reservoir sedimentation topic was sparked by Ariel Lugo, and a discussion of problems at Puerto Rican reservoirs several years later with A. Santiago Vazquez. Both authors would like to express their special thanks to María Margarita Irrizarry who, during her term as Executive Director of the Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority, started sediment management activities at the Loía reservoir. Work at this site initiated the collaboration between the co-authors that eventually resulted in this handbook. Many workers from around the world, too numerous to name individually, have been very helpful in providing time, insight, information, material, photographs, and permission to reproduce material. We are particularly indebted to those who provided detailed information on case studies: Esmaiel Tolouie (Sefid-Rud); Gian Rechsteiner (Gebidem); Alexis Rodríguez, Ake Sundborg, and Margareta Jansson (Cachí); Xia Maiding (Heisonglin); Richard Webb and Allan Zack (Loíza); and Donna Lindquist, Clay Clifton, Larry Harrison, Howard Chang, and Scott Tu (Feather River). Alain Petitjean and Jean-Pierre Bouchard at Electricitié de France provided information on French reservoirs. Contributions by Shou-shan Fan at the U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission are greatly appreciated. Robert MacArthur, George Annandale, Robert Strand, Vic Galay, Andrea Handler-Ruiz, Tom Skelly, Rollin Hotchkiss, and Kathleen Wilson were all particularly helpful. Professionals at the following institutions also provided invaluable information and assistance: China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (Beijing), Northwest Hydrotechnical Institute (Xian), U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Forest Service, Puerto Rico Aqueduct and Sewer Authority, and Los Angeles County Public Works Department. Editorial support from McGraw-Hill was outstanding. Production of this handbook also represents a 2-year team effort by personnel at Gregory L. Morris & Assoc. We could not have made it through the long ordeal of manuscript preparation without the capable editorial assistance of Marco Flores, and graphic materials prepared by Elias Castro, Ada Sotto, Sebastian Garcia, Pully Torres, and Miguel Menar helped keep the office running throughout the long writing process. Former employees Guangdou Hu and G.T. Anderson discussed ideas and performed literature searches at university libraries. The first author greatly appreciates the support by his wife, Miriam, and sons Daniel and Richard, who graciously accepted the long hours and forfeited hiking and kayaking trips. Also gratefully acknowledged are the many years of dedication by his parents, and guidance by many excellent teachers. The second author greatly appreciates more than 45 years of support and help in his sediment research for water resources development by his wife, Song Xiuzhen, and the support of his daughters Ying, Bing, and Xing. We hope that society will benefit from our collected thoughts about water and sediment management. Gregory L. Morris San Juan Jiahua Fan (FAN Jiahua) Beijing