Research Methods in Psycholinguistics and the Neurobiology of Language Guides to Research Methods in Language and Linguistics Series Editor: Li Wei, Centre for Applied Linguistics, University College London The science of language encompasses a truly interdisciplinary field of research, with a wide range of focuses, approaches, and objectives. While linguistics has its own traditional approaches, a variety of other intellectual disciplines have contributed methodological perspectives that enrich the field as a whole. As a result, linguistics now draws on state‐of‐the‐art work from such fields as psychology, computer science, biology, neuroscience and cognitive science, sociology, music, philosophy, and anthropology. The interdisciplinary nature of the field presents both challenges and opportu- nities to students who must understand a variety of evolving research skills and methods. The Guides to Research Methods in Language and Linguistics addresses these skills in a systematic way for advanced students and beginning researchers in language science. The books in this series focus especially on the relationships between theory, methods, and data—the understanding of which is fundamental to the successful completion of research projects and the advancement of knowledge. 1. The Blackwell Guide to Research Methods in Bilingualism and Multilingualism Edited by Li Wei and Melissa G. Moyer 2. Research Methods in Child Language: A Practical Guide Edited by Erika Hoff 3. Research Methods in Second Language Acquisition: A Practical Guide Edited by Susan M. Gass and Alison Mackey 4. Research Methods in Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics: A Practical Guide Edited by Nicole Müller and Martin J. Ball 5. Research Methods in Sociolinguistics: A Practical Guide Edited by Janet Holmes and Kirk Hazen 6. Research Methods in Sign Language Studies: A Practical Guide Edited by Eleni Orfanidou, Bencie Woll, and Gary Morgan 7. Research Methods in Language Policy and Planning: A Practical Guide Edited by Francis Hult and David Cassels Johnson 8. Research Methods in Intercultural Communication: A Practical Guide Edited by Zhu Hua 9. Research Methods in Psycholinguistics and the Neurobiology of Language: A Practical Guide Edited by Annette M. B. de Groot and Peter Hagoort Research Methods in Psycholinguistics and the Neurobiology of Language A Practical Guide Edited by Annette M. B. de Groot and Peter Hagoort This edition first published 2018 © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Annette M. B. de Groot and Peter Hagoort to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. Registered Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Editorial Office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats. 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The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication data applied for Hardback: 9781119109846 Paperback: 9781119109853 Cover image: (Figure) Designed by Hartebeest, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Cover design by Wiley Set in 10/12pt Sabon by SPi Global, Pondicherry, India 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Notes on Contributors x Preface xvi 1 Habituation Techniques 1 Christopher T. Fennell 2 Visual Preference Techniques 18 Roberta Michnick Golinkoff, Melanie Soderstrom, Dilara Deniz Can, and Kathy Hirsh‐Pasek 3 Assessing Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary in Child Language 40 Virginia A. Marchman and Philip S. Dale 4 Eye‐Movement Tracking During Reading 68 Reinhold Kliegl and Jochen Laubrock 5 The Visual World Paradigm 89 Anne Pier Salverda and Michael K. Tanenhaus 6 Word Priming and Interference Paradigms 111 Zeshu Shao and Antje S. Meyer 7 Structural Priming 130 Holly P. Branigan and Catriona L. Gibb 8 Conversation Analysis 151 Elliott M. Hoey and Kobin H. Kendrick 9 Virtual Reality 174 Daniel Casasanto and Kyle M. Jasmin 10 Studying Psycholinguistics out of the Lab 190 Laura J. Speed, Ewelina Wnuk, and Asifa Majid 11 Computational Modeling 208 Ping Li and Xiaowei Zhao vi Contents 12 Corpus Linguistics 230 Marc Brysbaert, Paweł Mandera, and Emmanuel Keuleers 13 Electrophysiological Methods 247 Joost Rommers and Kara D. Federmeier 14 Hemodynamic Methods: fMRI and fNIRS 266 Roel M. Willems and Alejandrina Cristia 15 Structural Neuroimaging 288 Stephanie J. Forkel and Marco Catani 16 Lesion Studies 310 Juliana V. Baldo and Nina F. Dronkers 17 Molecular Genetic Methods 330 Carolien G. F. de Kovel and Simon E. Fisher Index 354 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Examples of various infant language habituation tasks 5 Figure 1.2 Mean looking times across various trial types in Fennell and Byers‐Heinlein (2014) 12 Figure 2.1 The Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm 22 Figure 2.2 Means of single longest look in seconds to infant‐directed (IDS) and adult‐directed (ADS) speech stimuli 25 Figure 2.3 The Interactive Intermodal Preferential Looking Paradigm 26 Figure 2.4 Visual fixation to original label, new label, and recovery trials by condition 28 Figure 2.5 Eye gaze shifts toward and away from target in looking‐while‐listening task by age 30 Figure 2.6 The Headturn Preference Procedure 33 Figure 4.1 Typical eye tracker set up 71 Figure 4.2 Illustration of the gaze‐contingent moving‐window (top) and boundary (bottom) paradigms 73 Figure 4.3 Velocity‐based saccade detection 75 Figure 4.4 Determination of word boundaries with PRAAT software 80 Figure 4.5 Main effect of eye‐voice span and its interaction with predictability 81 Figure 5.1 Example of a screen‐based visual world paradigm experimental set up 90 Figure 5.2 Example visual display modeled after Altmann and Kamide (1999) 91 Figure 5.3 Timing of target fixations for each trial, for one participant and fixation proportions computed for same data 100 Figure 5.4 Proportion of fixations over time (from target‐word onset) to target (goat), cohort competitor (goal), and distractor in neutral and constraining verb conditions in Experiment 1 in Dahan and Tanenhaus (2004) 104 Figure 6.1 An illustration of the trial structure in Meyer and Schvaneveldt (1971) 113 Figure 6.2 An illustration of the prime‐target pairs used in Glaser and Düngelhoff (1984) 114 Figure 6.3 Results obtained by Glaser and Düngelhoff (1984) 115 Figure 6.4 Illustration of trial structures in the masked and unmasked conditions in de Wit and Kinoshita (2015) 119 viii List of Figures Figure 7.1 Example trial in a picture‐matching comprehension priming paradigm 138 Figure 7.2 Example trial in a picture‐matching and picture‐description production priming paradigm 140 Figure 7.3 Example trial in a sentence recall production priming paradigm 142 Figure 10.1 Comparison of cut and break verbs in Chontal, Hindi, and Jalonke 195 Figure 11.1 The basic architecture of a Simple Recurrent Network (SRN) 213 Figure 11.2 A sketch of the probabilistic model that incorporates distributional statistics from cross‐situational observation and prosodic and attentional highlights from social gating 219 Figure 11.3 A sketch of the DevLex‐II model 221 Figure 11.4 Vocabulary spurt simulated by DevLex‐II (591 target words) 223 Figure 13.1 Idealized example of an event‐related potential waveform in response to a visual stimulus, with labeled positive and negative peaks 248 Figure 13.2 Grand average ERPs from three parietal channels, elicited by the final words in the three conditions 257 Figure 13.3 Simulated EEG data illustrating the difference between ERPs and time‐frequency analyses in their sensitivity to phase‐locked (evoked) and non‐phase‐locked (induced) activity 260 Figure 14.1 An anatomical scan of the head and the brain (A), and Functional MRI images (B) 269 Figure 14.2 Example of an idealized BOLD curve, sometimes called the hemodynamic response function (HRF) 271 Figure 14.3 A statistical map overlaid on an anatomical brain scan 276 Figure 14.4 Image of a 5‐month‐old infant wearing a fNIRS cap, including a schematic illustration of the path of light between a source (star) and a detector (circle), through the scalp (dashed line) and cortical tissue (in gray) 278 Figure 14.5 Sample of signal in fNIRS studies 280 Figure 15.1 Imaging of an acute patient presenting with anomia following left inferior parietal and frontal lobe stroke 293 Figure 15.2 Lesion mapping based on T1‐weighted data (A), on a diffusion tractography atlas (B), and an example of extracting tract‐based measurements from tractography (C) 299 Figure 15.3 Anatomical variability in perisylvian white matter anatomy and its relation to post‐stroke language recovery 302 Figure 16.1 A schematic illustration showing the steps involved in a VLSM analysis 317 Figure 16.2 Overlay of patients’ lesions 320 Figure 16.3 Power analysis map showing the degree of power in our sample, given a medium effect size and alpha set at p < .05 321 Figure 16.4 VLSM results showing neural correlates of auditory word recognition with varying levels of correction 322 Figure 17.1 Transmission of DNA between generations 332 Figure 17.2 Visualization of Sanger sequencing results 338 Figure 17.3 Next generation sequencing 339 Figure 17.4 Visualization of SNP‐chip results 340 List of Tables Table 1.1 Mock habituation data from four experiments with looking time as the dependent variable 8 Table 1.2 Steps in data collection and analyses 9 Table 2.1 Visual and linguistic stimuli used to teach two novel words in either infant‐directed or adult‐directed speech 24 Table 2.2 Ten- to 12‐month‐old infants saw two types of discrimination trials, one to test for path discrimination and one for actor discrimination 31 Table 3.1 Overview of instruments/analysis tools for studying vocabulary development in children 45 Table 3.2 Example transcript from CHILDES 48 Table 4.1 Definitions of location and duration eye‐tracking measures 77 Table 4.2 Practical issues related to eye‐tracking during reading 82 Table 7.1 Example structural alternations studied in structural priming experiments 134 Table 7.2 Stimulus materials for a hypothetical small clause study 144 Table 7.3 Hypothetical results for a small clause study 145 Table 8.1 Questions and assessments from Extracts 8.1 to 8.3 161 Table 12.1 Excerpt from the SUBTLEX‐US database for the word “appalled” 234 Table 12.2 Stimuli used in a semantic priming experiment by de Mornay Davies (1998) 239 Table 17.1 Example of genotyping chip results for four individuals and five polymorphisms 340