Guidebook for WASTe ANd SoiL reMediATioN: for NoNHAZArdouS PeTroLeuM ANd SALT- CoNTAMiNATed SiTeS by George H. Holliday, Phd., P.e., bCee Holliday environmental Services, inc. bellaire, Texas Lloyd e. deuel, Jr., Phd., CPSSC Whole earth environmental, inc. College Station, Texas Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/06/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use © 2009 by ASME, Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org) All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS WORK HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS FROM SOURCES BE­ LIEVED TO BE RELIABLE. HOWEVER, NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS OR EDITORS GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF ANY IN­ FORMATION PUBLISHED IN THIS WORK. NEITHER ASME NOR ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION. THE WORK IS PUBLISHED WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT ASME AND ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS ARE SUPPLYING INFORMATION BUT ARE NOT ATTEMPTING TO RENDER ENGINEERING OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF SUCH ENGINEERING OR PROFESSIONAL SERVICES ARE REQUIRED, THE ASSIST­ ANCE OF AN APPROPRIATE PROFESSIONAL SHOULD BE SOUGHT. ASME shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers or . . . printed in its publications (B7.1.3). Statement from the Bylaws. For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those cir­ cumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act, contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: 978­ 750­8400, www.copyright.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Deuel, L. E. Guidebook for waste and soil remediation: for nonhazardous petroleum and salt­ contaminated sites / Lloyd E. Deuel, Jr., George H. Holliday. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Soil remediation. 2. Oil pollution of soils. 3. Soils, Salts in. 4. Salt—Environmental aspects. I. Holliday, George H. II. Title. TD879.P4D479 2008 628.5’5—dc22 2008047422 Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/06/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use p REFACE Although soil science has been applied to the production of agricultural crops for many years, few people apply soil science to remediation of nonhazardous oilfield wastes (NOW) or impacted soil found in industrial and governmental operations. We prepared this book to present to the industrial and governmental reader means of applying soil science technology to pit closures and impacted soil remediation problems. The book provides hands-on guidance for treating salt, pH, metals and hydro- carbon impacted soil and/or wastes. Also, the information is useful during pit closure so as to avoid post treatment problems and to comply with the various state rules. Also, the book contains necessary formulas, equations, time-tested criteria, and waste and soil amendment recommendations, so the reader can apply the demonstrated techniques to field problems. Recommended waste and soil analyti- cal protocols are included in the book appendices. These protocols provide a means of verifying the procedures used by a laboratory during analyses are correct, accurate and repeatable. We believe use of the material and recommendations contained in this book will leave a remediated site as good, if not better than, it was before operations commenced. We express our gratitude to Shawn Hokanson, who assisted in preparing the figures and color plates found in the book. George Holliday, Bellaire, Texas Lloyd Deuel, Jr., College Station, Texas iii Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/06/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/06/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use ContEnts Preface ............................................................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1 Glossary of Soil Science Terms ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Terms ...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Soil and Physical Relationships .............................................................................................. 4 Chapter 2 Soil Chemistry ................................................................................................................................. 7 2.1 Colloids: The Reactive Soil Fraction ..................................................................................... 7 2.2 Clay Minerals .......................................................................................................................... 7 2.2.1 Structural Units ........................................................................................................... 7 2.3 Mineral Expansibility .............................................................................................................. 9 2.4 Sources of CEC ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.5 Physical Properties of Soils ..................................................................................................... 10 2.5.1 Soil Texture ................................................................................................................. 10 2.5.2 Particle and Bulk Density ............................................................................................ 10 2.5.3 Soil Structure ............................................................................................................... 12 2.5.4 Organic Matter ............................................................................................................ 13 2.6 Soil Water Content and Availability ....................................................................................... 15 Chapter 3 Contamination and Impacts of Exploration and Production Waste Constituents ............................ 17 3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 17 3.2 Drilling Operations ................................................................................................................. 17 3.2.1 pH ............................................................................................................................... 17 3.2.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC) ....................................................................................... 18 3.2.3 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)................................................................................. 19 3.2.4 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) ............................................................................... 19 3.2.5 Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP) .................................................................... 20 3.2.6 Total Metals ................................................................................................................ 21 3.2.7 Petroleum Hydrocarbon .............................................................................................. 26 3.2.8 Benzene ....................................................................................................................... 27 3.3 Producing Operations ............................................................................................................. 27 3.4 Impact of Contaminants ......................................................................................................... 28 Chapter 4 Sampling Methods and Protocols .................................................................................................... 31 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 31 4.2 Site Investigation................................................................................................................... 31 4.2.1 Sampling and Testing ................................................................................................ 31 4.2.2 General Guidelines .................................................................................................... 32 Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/06/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use 4.2.3 Sample Containers ..................................................................................................... 32 4.2.4 Sample Labeling ........................................................................................................ 33 4.2.5 Sample Preservation .................................................................................................. 33 4.3 Equipment Decontamination ................................................................................................ 33 4.4 Sample Collection ................................................................................................................. 33 4.4.1 Sampling Water ......................................................................................................... 33 4.5 Solids/Sludge Sampling Protocol .......................................................................................... 34 4.5.1 Sampling Solids ......................................................................................................... 34 4.6 Compositing Samples ............................................................................................................ 36 4.7 Field Quality Assurance ........................................................................................................ 36 4.8 Field Notebook ..................................................................................................................... 37 4.9 Trip Blank ............................................................................................................................. 37 4.10 Split Samples ......................................................................................................................... 37 4.11 Electromagnetic Induction (EM) Surverys for Large Volume Impacts ................................. 37 4.12 Site Investigation .................................................................................................................. 37 4.12.1 Grid Layout ............................................................................................................. 37 4.12.2 Soil Sampling and Analysis ...................................................................................... 37 4.12.3 Statistical Analyses .................................................................................................. 38 4.12.4 Results ..................................................................................................................... 38 Chapter 5 Sampling Program ........................................................................................................................... 39 5.1 Large Facility Impoundments ............................................................................................... 39 5.2 Statistical Validation ............................................................................................................. 39 5.3 Zonal Composites ................................................................................................................. 42 5.4 Large-Pit Sampling Considerations ...................................................................................... 43 5.5 Reserve Pits ........................................................................................................................... 45 5.6 Sampling Strategy ................................................................................................................. 45 5.7 Core Composite Validation ................................................................................................... 45 5.8 Future Sampling Considerations ........................................................................................... 46 Chapter 6 Protocol for Chemical Analyses ....................................................................................................... 47 6.1 Soluble Constituent Analyses ................................................................................................ 47 6.2 Preparation of Saturated Paste and EC Analysis .................................................................. 47 6.3 Peripheral Analyses and Relationships ................................................................................. 48 6.4 Soil/Waste Reaction ............................................................................................................. 48 6.5 Soluble Cations ..................................................................................................................... 48 6.6 Soluble Anions ...................................................................................................................... 49 6.7 Quantitative and Quality Control .......................................................................................... 49 6.8 Solid Phase Analyses ............................................................................................................. 50 6.9 Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) ......................................................................................... 50 6.10 Exchangeable Cation Distribution ........................................................................................ 50 6.11 Analytical Procedures ........................................................................................................... 50 6.12 Quality Control and Assurance ............................................................................................. 51 6.13 Total Metals Analyses ........................................................................................................... 51 6.13.1 Acid Digestion ......................................................................................................... 51 6.13.2 Quality Control and Assurance ................................................................................ 51 6.14 Organic Analyses .................................................................................................................. 51 6.14.1 Quality Control and Assurance ................................................................................ 52 Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/06/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use Chapter 7 Limiting Constituent Criteria .......................................................................................................... 53 7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 53 7.2 State Regulations .................................................................................................................... 53 7.2.1 Alabama .................................................................................................................... 53 7.2.2 Colorado .................................................................................................................... 54 7.2.3 Louisiana ................................................................................................................... 55 7.2.4 New Mexico .............................................................................................................. 58 7.2.5 North Dakota ............................................................................................................ 59 7.2.6 Oklahoma .................................................................................................................. 59 7.2.7 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) .................................................................................... 61 7.2.8 Texas: Pits ................................................................................................................. 62 7.2.9 Texas: Soils ................................................................................................................ 63 7.2.10 Utah ........................................................................................................................... 64 7.2.11 Wyoming ................................................................................................................... 65 7.3 American Petroleum Institute Metals Criteria ........................................................................ 66 7.4 Pit Utilization and Waste Management (“NOW” Defined) .................................................... 67 7.5 Site Indexing ........................................................................................................................... 67 7.6 Guidelines for Limiting Constituents ...................................................................................... 68 Chapter 8 Soil Amendments ............................................................................................................................. 69 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 69 8.2 Soil Reaction (pH) Amendments ............................................................................................ 69 8.3 Salinity Amendments .............................................................................................................. 69 8.3.1 Sodicity Amendments .................................................................................................. 70 8.3.2 Solid Phase Calcium in Excess .................................................................................... 70 8.3.3 Solid Phase Calcium Limiting ..................................................................................... 70 8.3.4 Organic Matter Amendments ...................................................................................... 70 8.3.5 Bioremediation Amendments ...................................................................................... 70 8.4 E&P Release Events and Treatment Scenarios ....................................................................... 71 8.5 Scenario I—Light Crude Oil Release on Soil .......................................................................... 71 8.5.1 Considerations ............................................................................................................ 71 8.5.2 Site Assessment ........................................................................................................... 71 8.5.3 Remediation Procedure ............................................................................................... 72 8.5.4 Calculations ................................................................................................................. 73 8.5.5 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 73 8.6 Scenario II—Heavy Crude Oil Spill on Soil ............................................................................ 74 8.6.1 Considerations ............................................................................................................ 74 8.6.2 Site Assessment ........................................................................................................... 74 8.6.3 Calculations ................................................................................................................. 74 8.6.4 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 76 8.7 Scenario III—Light Crude Oil and Produced Water Spill on Soil ......................................... 77 8.7.1 Considerations ............................................................................................................ 77 8.7.2 Fertilizer ...................................................................................................................... 78 8.7.3 Remediation Procedure ............................................................................................... 78 8.7.4 Minimum Management Method .................................................................................. 78 8.7.5 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 79 8.7.6 Rinse and Fill Method ................................................................................................. 79 8.7.7 Procedure .................................................................................................................... 79 Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/06/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use 8.7.8 In Situ Leach Method ............................................................................................... 79 8.7.9 Calculation of SAR .................................................................................................. 80 8.7.10 Calculations ............................................................................................................. 80 8.7.11 Calculation of ESP from SAR .................................................................................. 80 8.7.12 Gypsum Requirement Determined from CEC and ESP .......................................... 81 8.7.13 Procedure ................................................................................................................ 81 8.7.14 Dilution Burial Method ........................................................................................... 81 8.7.15 Assumptions and Calculations ................................................................................. 81 8.7.16 Calculations ............................................................................................................. 82 8.7.17 Calculations: Limiting Constituent .......................................................................... 82 8.7.18 Procedure ................................................................................................................ 83 8.7.19 Land Spreading Method .......................................................................................... 83 8.7.20 Vegetative Restoration ............................................................................................. 85 8.7.21 Tillage Requirements ............................................................................................... 85 8.7.22 Seeding .................................................................................................................... 86 8.7.23 Fertility Requirements ............................................................................................. 86 Chapter 9 Clean Closure Techniques ............................................................................................................... 87 9.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 87 9.2 Site Closure Considerations .................................................................................................. 87 9.3 Decommissioning ................................................................................................................. 88 9.3.1 Sampling Pit Liquids ................................................................................................. 88 9.3.2 Sampling Pit Solids .................................................................................................... 88 9.3.3 Analyses ..................................................................................................................... 89 9.4 Closure Options .................................................................................................................... 89 9.4.1 Pit Liquids Disposal .................................................................................................. 89 9.4.2 Pit Solids Disposal ..................................................................................................... 90 9.5 Minimum Management ......................................................................................................... 91 9.5.1 No-Closure Option .................................................................................................... 91 9.5.2 No-Closure Option Considerations ........................................................................... 92 9.6 Burial .................................................................................................................................... 92 9.6.1 Basic Technology ...................................................................................................... 92 9.6.2 Applicability of GLC Values ..................................................................................... 93 9.6.3 Burial Option Considerations .................................................................................... 93 9.7 Dilution Burial ...................................................................................................................... 94 9.7.1 Basic Technology ...................................................................................................... 94 9.7.2 Applicability of GLC Values ..................................................................................... 94 9.7.3 Dilution Burial Option Considerations ...................................................................... 95 9.8 Land Treatment .................................................................................................................... 96 9.8.1 Basic Technology ...................................................................................................... 96 9.8.2 Applicability of GLC Values ..................................................................................... 96 9.8.3 Land Treatment Option Considerations .................................................................... 97 9.9 In Situ Leach for Saline Pit Solids ......................................................................................... 97 9.9.1 Basic Technology ...................................................................................................... 97 9.9.2 Applicability of GLC Values ..................................................................................... 98 9.9.3 In Situ Leach Option Considerations ........................................................................ 98 9.10 In Situ Bioremediation for Oily Waste Solids ....................................................................... 99 9.10.1 Basic Technology ..................................................................................................... 99 9.10.2 Applicability of GLC Values .................................................................................... 99 9.10.3 In Situ Bioremediation Considerations ................................................................... 99 Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/06/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use 9.11 Solidification/Chemical Stabilization ...................................................................................100 9.11.1 Basic Technology .....................................................................................................100 9.11.2 Applicability of GLC Values ....................................................................................100 9.11.3 Solidification Option Considerations.......................................................................101 9.12 Road Spreading .....................................................................................................................102 9.12.1 Basic Technology .....................................................................................................102 9.12.2 Road Spreading Procedure ......................................................................................102 9.12.3 Applicability of GLC Values ....................................................................................103 9.12.4 Road Spreading Option Considerations ..................................................................103 9.13 Third-Party Disposal ............................................................................................................104 9.13.1 Basic Technology .....................................................................................................104 9.13.2 Applicability of GLC Values ....................................................................................104 9.14 Pit Closure Documentation ..................................................................................................105 9.14.1 Documentation Procedure.......................................................................................105 9.14.2 Checklist and Authorization Form ..........................................................................106 Chapter 10 Problem Set .....................................................................................................................................107 10.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................107 10.2 Problems ...............................................................................................................................107 10.2.1 Problem #1 ..............................................................................................................107 10.2.2 Problem #2 ..............................................................................................................107 10.2.3 Problem #3 ..............................................................................................................108 10.2.4 Problem #4 ..............................................................................................................109 10.2.5 Problem #5 ..............................................................................................................109 10.2.6 Problem #6 ..............................................................................................................109 10.3 Solution to Problems.............................................................................................................110 10.3.1 Solution to Problem #1 ...........................................................................................110 10.3.2 Solution to Problem #2 ...........................................................................................112 10.3.3 Solution to Problem #3 ...........................................................................................114 10.3.4 Solution to Problem #4 ...........................................................................................116 10.4 Soil Loading Formula for Oklahoma ....................................................................................119 10.4.1 For Solid Materials ..................................................................................................119 10.4.2 Chlorides .................................................................................................................120 10.4.3 For Solid Materials ..................................................................................................120 10.4.4 Solution to Problem #5 ...........................................................................................120 10.4.5 Solution to Problem #6 ...........................................................................................124 Appendix I Limiting Constituents for Land Disposal of Petroleum Extraction Industry Wastes .......................127 I-1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................127 I-2 Background ...........................................................................................................................128 I-2.1 Literature Review ......................................................................................................128 I-2.2 Salinity .......................................................................................................................128 I-2.3 Hydrocarbons ............................................................................................................128 I-3 Dissolved Constituent Relationships .....................................................................................129 I-4 Dissolved Constituent Impacts .............................................................................................130 I-4.1 Plant Impacts .............................................................................................................130 I-5 Leaching Impacts ..................................................................................................................131 I-6 Soil Chemistry .......................................................................................................................131 Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/06/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use I-7 Cation Exchange Capacity ....................................................................................................132 I-8 Sodium Adsorption Ratio .....................................................................................................132 I-9 Exchangeable Sodium Percentage .........................................................................................132 I-10 Soil Chemistry Impacts .........................................................................................................133 I-11 Soil Chemistry Limiting Values .............................................................................................133 I-12 Hydrocarbon Impacts ...........................................................................................................133 I-13 Oil Mobility ...........................................................................................................................135 I-14 Bioremediation ......................................................................................................................135 I-15 Reserve Pit Operation ...........................................................................................................136 I-15.1 Pit Surface Sealing ...................................................................................................136 I-16 Summary of Thresholds and Applications ............................................................................136 I-17 Flow Diagrams ......................................................................................................................137 I-17.1 Pit Liquids ...............................................................................................................137 I-17.2 Pit Solids ..................................................................................................................137 I-18 Sample Calculations ..............................................................................................................137 I-18.1 Parameters and Example Calculations for Management of Pit Wastes ....................137 I-19 Determination of Limiting Constituent(s) .............................................................................137 I-19.1 Pit Liquid Management ...........................................................................................137 I-19.2 Pit Solids Management ............................................................................................140 Annexes ...........................................................................................................................................147 A Oil & Grease .........................................................................................................................148 B EC .........................................................................................................................................148 C TDS .......................................................................................................................................159 D Cation Exchange Capacity ....................................................................................................150 E E&P Sample Preparation ......................................................................................................151 F Exchangeable Cations ...........................................................................................................152 G SAR .......................................................................................................................................153 H Saturated Paste Extract .........................................................................................................153 Appendix II E&P Total Metals Analysis ..............................................................................................................155 II-1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................155 II-2 Acid Digestion of Sludges .....................................................................................................155 II-2.1 Scope and Application .............................................................................................155 II-2.2 Summary of Method .................................................................................................155 II-2.3 Interferences .............................................................................................................156 II-2.4 Apparatus and Materials ..........................................................................................156 II-2.5 Reagents ...................................................................................................................156 II-2.6 Sample Collection, Preservation and Handling ........................................................156 II-2.7 Procedure .................................................................................................................156 II-2.8 Calculations..............................................................................................................157 II-2.9 Quality Control ........................................................................................................157 II-2.10 References ................................................................................................................158 II-3 Total Barium .........................................................................................................................158 II-3.1 Scope and Application .............................................................................................158 II-3.2 Summary of Method .................................................................................................158 II-3.3 Interferences .............................................................................................................158 II-3.4 Apparatus and Materials ..........................................................................................158 II-3.5 Procedure .................................................................................................................158 Downloaded From: http://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/06/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use