This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th Annual International Conference on Research in Computational Molecular Biology, RECOMB 2006, held in Venice, Italy in April 2006.The 40 revised full papers presented together with abstracts of 7 keynote talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 212 submissions. As the top conference in computational molecular biology, RECOMB addresses all current issues in algorithmic, theoretical, and experimental bioinformatics.