Reproductive Biotechnology in Finfish Aquaculture Proceedings of a Workshop hosted by the Oceanic Institute Hawaii, USA, in Honolulu, 4-7th October 1999 This page intentionally left blank Reproductive Biotechnology in Finfish Aquaculture Proceedings of a Workshop hosted by the Oceanic Institute Hawaii, USA, in Honolulu, 4-7* October 1999 Edited by CHENG-SHENG LEE The Oceanic Institute, Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795, USA and EDWARD M. DONALDSON Department of Fisheries and Oceans West Vancouver Laboratory, West Vancouver B.C., CANADA V7V1N6 2001 ELSEVIER Amsterdam-London-New York-Oxford-Paris-Shannon-Tokyo ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. 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ISBN: 0-444-50913-5 © The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands. REPRINTED FROM THE ELSEVIER SCIENCE JOURNAL AQUACULTURE, VOL. 197, NOS. 1-4 (1 JUNE 2001) •ceaniQ i n s t i t u te CENTER FOR Α ΡΡ LI £ 0 A 0 U A C ÜIΤ U R Ε Reproductive Biotechnology in Finfish Aquaculture Proceedings of a Workshop hosted by the Oceanic Institute Hawaii, USA, in Honolulu, 4-7 October 1999 th Editors CHENG-SHENG LEE The Oceanic Institute, 41- 202 Kalanianaole Hwy. Waimanalo, Hawaii 96795 USA EDWARD M. DONALDSON Department of Fisheries and Oceans', West Vancouver Laboratory 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver B.C. CANADA V7V1N6 Aquaculture ELSEVIER — www.elsevier.nl/locate/aqua-online Contents Preface 1 Effects of stress on fish reproduction, gamete quality, and progeny C.B. Schreck, W. Contreras-Sanchez and M.S. Fitzpatrick (Corvallis, OR, USA) 3 Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish M.S. Izquierdo, H. Fernandez-Palacios (Telde, Spain) and A.G.J. Tacon (Waimanalo, HI, USA) 25 Genetics and broodstock management of coho salmon Ü.M. Myers, P.O. Heggelund (Seattle, WA, USA), G. Hudson (Rochester, WA, USA) and R.N. Iwamoto (Seattle, WA, USA) 43 The environmental regulation of maturation in farmed finfish with special reference to the role of photoperiod and melatonin N. Bromage, M. Porter and C. Randall (Stirling, UK) 63 Endocrine manipulations of spawning in cultured fish: from hormones to genes Y. Zohar (Baltimore, MD, USA) and C.C. Mylonas (Iraklion, Greece) 99 Disease prevention and control for gametes and embryos of fish and marine shrimp J.A. Brock (Honolulu, HI, USA) and R. Bullis (Waimanalo, HI, USA) 137 Cryopreservation of finfish and shellfish gametes and embryos N.-H. Chao and I C. Liao (Keelung, Taiwan) 161 The role of aquatic biotechnology in aquaculture C.L. Hew (Singapore) and G.L. Fletcher (St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada) 191 Genetic improvement of aquaculture finfish species by chromosome manipulation techniques in Japan K. Arai (Hakodate, Japan) 205 Endocrine sex control strategies for the feminization of teleost fish F. Piferrer (Barcelona, Spain) 229 Monosex male production in finfish as exemplified by tilapia: applications, problems, and prospects J.A. Beardmore, G.C. Mair (Swansea, UK) and R.I. Lewis (Stellenbosch, South Africa) . . . 283 General discussion on "Reproductive biotechnology in finfish aquaculture" C.-S. Lee (Waimanalo, HI, USA) and E.M. Donaldson (West Vancouver, BC, Canada). ... 303 Keyword Index 321 Aquaculture ELSEVIER Aquaculture 197 (2001) 1 www.elsevier.nl/locate/aqua-online Preface and acknowledgements Techniques for controlling and manipulating the reproduction of aquatic species to increase aquaculture production have been the subject of a number of studies throughout the world. The Aquaculture Interchange Program, funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Grant #NA86RG0041, at the Oceanic Institute, Hawaii (01) conducted a workshop on "Reproductive Biotechnology in Finfish Aquacul­ ture" in October 1999 in Honolulu, Hawaii. The objectives of the workshop were to review progress and assess the status of biotechnology research that can be applied to control the reproduction of species for aquaculture, to facilitate the exchange of information among researchers, to elucidate future research needs for controlling reproduction, and to make recommendations to the industry for ways to safely use reproductive biotechnology to the best advantage. This special issue is the proceedings of this workshop. The papers that were presented included both original research and reviews. Information on secure sources of desirable fertilized gametes and embryos, techniques for manipulating maturation and spawning, and methods of preventing the transmission of diseases were presented. Factors that influence reproductive performance, such as stress, broodstock nutrition, and the environment were also considered. Species discussed at the workshop included Coho salmon, rainbow trout, turbot, Japanese flounder, seabream, striped bass, eel, tilapia, and loach. The research reported was carried out in Canada, Japan, Singapore, Spain, Taiwan, the UK, the USA, and the Philippines. This workshop was planned and organized by Cheng-Sheng Lee (OI) and Edward Donaldson. Financial support to cover the expenses of holding the workshop in Honolulu and for the costs of publishing the proceedings was generously provided by NOAA. The organizers would like to thank Niall Bromage for his help in the final editing of this special issue. They would also like to express their appreciation to the invited speakers for their participation in the workshop and for the time they invested in writing the papers. The content of these papers reflect the opinions of the authors and not necessarily those of NOAA. The organizers would also like to thank Pat O'Bryen for her assistance in editing and preparing the manuscripts for publication. Cheng-Sheng Lee The Oceanic Institute, 41-202 Kalanianaole Hwy., Waimanalo, HI 96795, USA This page intentionally left blank Aquaculture ELSEVIER Aquaculture 197 (2001) 3-24 = ^ ^ ^ ^= www.elsevier.nl/locate/aqua-online Effects of stress on fish reproduction, gamete quality, and progeny * Carl B. Schreck*, Wilfrido Contreras-Sanchez, Martin S. Fitzpatrick Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, U.S.G.S. and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, 1 104 Nash Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-3803, USA Received 1 October 2000; accepted 31 December 2000 Abstract Different taxa of fish have different tolerances to stress. This implies that for a particular stressor, severity may vary depending on the species to which it was applied. Species may differ in the nature of their physiological response and reproductive consequences to stressors. For example, disturbance or handling may affect the timing of reproduction—accelerating or delaying it as the case may be—in species such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); however, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) respond by acceleration or complete inhibition of reproduction, depend­ ing on the maturational stage when the stressor is experienced. Strategies for coping with stress affect reproductive fitness either in terms of gamete or progeny quality. The physiology associated with maturation and spawning appears tightly coupled with stress physiology. Environmental variables, particularly nutrition, are ultimately important in affecting gamete quality and reproduc­ tive timing. The physiological response to stressors is also quite polymorphic, within and between species. For example, the circulating concentration of the primary stress response factor Cortisol varies greatly among resting and among stressed rainbow trout stocks. Immunocapacity can be influenced by stress, reducing reproductive fitness of broodfish. We propose that maternal systems have been developed to buffer eggs from deleterious consequences of stressors, including regulation of transfer of substances of maternal origin to the egg and in mechanisms controlling the timing of reproduction. Effects of nutritional stressors are moderated by effects on timing of first maturity or subsequent reproductive events and/or by maintenance of quality of some eggs Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Report Number 11578. * Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (C.B. Schreck). Supported cooperatively by Oregon State University, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, and the 1 U.S.G.S. 0044-8486/01/$ - see front matter. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. PII: S0044-8486(01)00580-4