REPRODUCTION IN F ARM ANIMALS 7th Edition Editor: DonnaBalado ManagingEditor:Karen Gulliver MarketingManager: Annie Smith Production Editor: Paula C.Williams Copyright © 2000LippincottWilliams& Wilkins 351 WestCamdenStreet Baltimore, Maryland 21201-2436USA 530 WalnutStreet Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106-3621 USA Allrightsreserved.Thisbookisprotectedbycopyright.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproduced inanyformorbyany means, includingphotocopying,orutilizedbyanyinformationstorage and retrieval systemwithoutwrittenpermissionfrom the copyrightowner. The publisher isnot responsible (as amatterofproduct liability, negligence or otherwise) for any injury resulting from any material contained herein. This publication contains informationrelatingto general principlesofmedical care whichshould not beconstruedas specificinstructionsforindividualpatients.Manufacturers'productinformationand package inserts should be reviewed for current information, including contraindications, dosages, and precautions. Printedin theUnitedStates ofAmerica FirstEdition, 1962 Japanese translation, 1965 Spanishtranslation, 1967 SecondEdition, 1968 Japanese translation, 1971 Third Edition, 1974 FourthEdition, 1980 Reprinted, 1982 Portuguese translation, 1982 Italian translation, 1985 Fifth Edition, 1987 Japanese translation, 1992 Spanishtranslation, 1992 SixthEdition, 1993 Libraryof CongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Reproduction in farm animals /edited byB.Hafez,E.S.E.Hafez.-7thed. p. em. Includes bibliographicalreferences. ISBN 0-683-30577-8 1. Livestock-Reproduction. 2. Veterinaryphysiology. I. Hafez, B. II. Hafez,E.S. E.(ElsayedSaad Eldin), 1922- SF871.R47 2000 636.089'26-dc21 99-053783 Thepublishershavemadeevery effortto trace thecopyrightholdersforborrowedmaterial. Ifthey haveinadvertentlyoverlookedany,theywillbepleased tomakethenecessaryarrangementsatthe first opportunity. To purchase additional copies ofthis book, call our customerservice department at (800) 638-3030 or fax orders to (301) 824-7390. International customers should call (301) 714-2324. 04 05 06 07 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PREFACE The first edition, published in 1962, covered the basic and ofspermfertilizability using zona..free hamster egg (fresh or comparative aspects ofreproductive physiology in a simpli.. frozen); motilitypatternasviewedbyvideotapemicroscopy; fied manner to meet the needs of students in reproductive invitropenetrabilityofspermin bovinecervicalmucus; and biology, veterinarymedicine, andanimalsciences.Thisob.. cryopreservationofembryos andsemenusing computerized jective is maintained in the seventh edition, which repre.. freezers.Most ofthe investigationsreviewed in this edition sents a condensed, concise treatise on the physiology and are based more onholisticresearch thanonresearch at the biochemistry of reproduction of farm animals. The book is submicroscopic or molecular level. However, the excite.. divided into major sections and these, in turn, are loosely ment generated by recent advances in molecular biology arrayed intotwo domains, the componentsofthereproduc.. and development tend to downgrade the value ofwhole.. tive system and the regulation of the reproductive process, animalresearch.Noattemptwasmadeto provideadetailed fromthecontrolofovulationto theinitiationofparturition. bibliography, but a selected number of 'classicpapers and The reader will note the profound differences among the review articles are listed at the end of each chapter. various animalspecies. To address this issue we provided This edition could not have been revised without the separate coverage of the major species, where this seemed cooperation of the contributing authors andtheir willing.. appropriate,sothatthestudentofreproductioncouldascer.. ness to follow the editorial guidelines. The chapters have tain.the similarities and differences among them. been concisely edited, and the major concepts'have been Duringthe pastdecade there were significantadvances summarized in tables supplemented by line drawings and in the main concepts of animal reproduction as a result of scanningelectronmicrographs.Allchaptershavebeencom.. modern biotechnology, such as the use of gonadotropin pletely revised and condensed. There have been numerous releasinghormones and theiranalogs, assisted reproductive deletionsfrom thesixthedition,aswellasintegrationofnew technologv/andrology (ARTA), genetics, molecular biol.. and modern concepts such as "growth factors," molecular ogy, immunology, toxicology, and pharmacology. Five new biology, genetics,andinvitromicromanipulationofgametes chapters have been added to the 7th edition: and embryos. Sometabulatedappendicesinclude:chromosomenum.. 1. Reproduction in Llamas and Alpacas bersandreproductiveabilityofbovine,caprinae,andequine 2. Genetic Engineering species andsome oftheirhybrids; preparationofphysiologic 3. Pharmacotoxologic Factors and Reproduction solutions,spermstains,tissue culturemedia,andcryoprotec.. 4. Immunology of Reproduction tants. These appendices proved to be helpful for staging 5. Molecular Biology of Reproduction demonstrations, laboratory exercises, and training work.. shops for teachers, laboratory technicians, and students. It Modern techniques of bioengineering of farm animals is hoped that the seventh edition will be of some help to involve microinsemination, recombinationofDNA, andin undergraduate students in animal sciences and veterinary vitromanipulation, transfer, and expressionofgenes. These medicine. techniquesweregreatlyimprovedwiththeuseofcomputers, microcomputers,andcommerciallyavailablediagnosticand B. Hafez/E.S.E. Hafez analytical kits. A wide.variety of techniques have been Kiawah Island, South Carolina USA employed for.the evaluation of semen, such as: evaluation March, 2000 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Included in the seventh edition, the contributions and the of the table of contents and detailed structure of several valuable information were provided by: S.E. Abdelgadir, chapters. Sincere thanks are due to Ms. Donna Balado and L.L. Anderson, A.E. Archibong, R.L. Ax, M. Dally, B.A. Crystal Taylor of Lippincott Williams & Wilkins for their Didion, D.P. Froman, D.L. Garner, R.D. Geisett, P.J. Han.. meticulous and painstaking efforts during the preparation sen, J.D. Kirby, 8.S. Koide, R.W. Lenz, C.C. Love, J.R. of the book. Special thanks are also due to Vice President Malayer, J.A. Proudman,J.Sumar,D.O. Varner,H. Wahid, Timothy Satterfield for his excellentcooperation and con.. and Professor M.R. Jainudeen, my friend and long..time tinued interest in the development of animal and veteri.. associate, who has contributed greatly to the improvement nary sciences. vii