REPORTS FROM THE NORTHWEST: A SELECTION OF MANCHU MEMORIALS FROM KASHGAR (1806-1807) Papers on Inner Asia No. 25 Nicola Di Cosmo Harvard Universiry REPORTS FROM THE NORTHWEST: A SELECTION OF MANCHU MEMORIALS FROM KASHGAR (1806-1807) Bloomington, Indiana 1993 The series Papers on Inner Asia consists of scholarly papers of variable sin (from 20 to 100 peges), eoch published and bound separately. Inner Asia is defined as the mgion that includes Is- lamic Central Asia (the areas sometimes dled Western, Eastern, and Afghan TurLestan), Mongolia, Manchuria, and Tibet. The p~persd enl with various topics related to this vast region: history, philology, linguistics, anthropology, archeology, economics, amtempomy problems, and so on. Works on certain subjects that transend the boundaries of h e r Asia in its strict sense, but are relevant for the study of its languages, history, and culture, are also included. for instaace, the ancient and medieval history etc. of the peoples of the ELst European steppes, or the modern history of Afghanistan. The series is divided into the following subseries: (1) General; (2) Ancient h r A sia; (3) Central Asia; (4) Mongolia. Manchuria, and Tibet; (5) Altaic Linguistics. The series Papers on lnner Asia is designed to ensure prompt publication of scholarly papers and to facilitate the publicntion of longer papers, which are large enough not to be accepted by most scholarly journals. As a rule, w stylistic editing is done, with possible exceptions for papers written in a language other than the author's native tongue. After the manuscript submitted for publication is reviewed by the editors, it is returned to the author whose responsibility is to prepare a camera-reody wpy of the text in accordance with technical requements set up by the Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, which undertakes to publish the paper within one month after the receipt of the camera-dy oopy. AU correspondence related to the Papers on Inner Asia (quests for the copies of the technical requirements, proposals of papers for publication, submission of manuscripts, orders for single papers and standing orders) should be dressed to The Editor, Papers on Inner Asia, &march Institute for h e r hian Studies, Indiana Univenity, Goodbody Hall 343, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, U.S. A. The price of individual copies is $ 3.50 for papers up to 50 pages in length and $ 4.50 for papers of more than 50 pages. For o v e w c ustomers the rates are: surface mail - $ 3.95 for papers up to 50 pages and $ 5.50 for papers over 50 pages; air mail - $ 4.95 and $ 7.55, respectively. (C) Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies 1993 ISSN 0893-1 860 The draft memorials whose transcription, translation, and facsimile text is presented here belong to a collection privately owned by Professor Saguchi Torii.' The chief aim in presenting this material is to furnish a preliminary introduction to these sources, which are, to the best of my knowledge, unknown to the academic community. The main criterion for selection has been that of variety; virtually each memorial is representative of a specific type, along the lines of the ad hoc division into categories described below, in order to maximize the potential usefulness of these translations as aids to future research. As more scholars doing research on Ch'ing history become interested in both Sinkiang2 history and Manchu sources, this short collection may come to be seen as a jumping off point for future work. In this respect, given that the bulk of the material still awaits publication, and given the size requirements of the Papers on Inner Asia, the notes and critical apparatus have been kept to a minimum. ' The beginning of this work can be traced back to the summer of 1988, when I visited Japan with a research grant from the Italian Institute 1s.M.E.O. (Istituto per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente). During that period I was introduced to Professor Saguchi Torii, an internationally recognized authority on the history and ethnography of Sinkiang during the Ch'ing dynasty. On the occasion of my visit to Professor Saguchi I was allowed to copy a collection of Manchu draft memorials (tsou-kao) from Sinkiang in his possession. Thanks to the sponsorship of the Rockefeller and Chiang Ching-kuo Foundations I was able to fully nanslate this body of documentary sources during the academic year 1992-1993. In addition to my gratitude to these foundations I would also like to express my thanks to Prof. Yuri Bregel, Prof. Elliot Sperling , Dr. Ruth Meserve, and Prof. Giovanni Stary for their valuable suggestions, comments, and editorial help. Traditional English spellings have been retained for Chinese geographical names. The transcription system used for Chinese is Wade-Giles, as this is still the predominant system used in American and British libraries and in much English language scholarship. The translations of Manchu historical sources available in English are comparatively fewer than those available in other European languages (in particular German). For similar materials see Chen, The Manchu Palace Memorials; and Bawden, "Some Documents Concerning the Complement of Manchu Garrison Companies at Chapu in the Mid-19th Century. " The collection comprises eight Chinese-style volumes, which total two hundred and fifty unnumbered double leaves. Approximately four fifths of the materials are in Manchu only; this is particularly the case with materials from the earlier period. The first six volumes, which are bulkier, are almost exclusively in Manchu, whereas the last two are mostly in Chinese. Each volume has a table of contents in Chinese on the cover leaf, which, however, does not always reflect the exact content or number of the memorials. With a few exceptions the contents of the Chinese and Manchu memorials do not overlap. The documents date from the early 19th century, and cover the last six months of 1806 and the whole year of 1807 (the 11th and 12th years of the Chia-ch'ing period). The materials are draft Palace memorials addressed to the emperor and handled at the Inner Court level. Scholars who have conducted first-hand archival research in both Peking and Taipei are now largely in agreement about the existence of an extensive body of documentation in Manchu for which no Chinese translations are available.' Given the increased popularity attained by the system of secret memorials during the Ch'ien-lung reign it is not surprising to find that many documents from the outer regions were transmitted directly to the throne, rather than to the Outer Court body that administered those areas, namely, the Li-fan Yiian.6 So far, with very few exceptions, all Western studies on the history of the Ch'ing conquest and occupation of Sinkiang have been exclusively based on archival material in For a general overview of the memorial system during the Ch'ing period see John K. Fairbank, and Ssu-yii Teng, "On the Types and Uses of Ch'ing documents. ". On the Palace Memorials in Manchu, see Chieh-hsien Chen. me Manchu Palace' Memorials, pp. 1-9; Chuang Chi-fa. Ch'ing-tai tsou-che chih-tu. See in particular Beatrice Bartlett, "Books of Revelations"; Pamela K. Crossley and Evelyn S. Rawski. "A Profile of the Manchu Language in Ch'ing History." This is usually translated in English as Court of Colonial Affairs; however, taking into account the Manchu name of this administrative body - tulergi golo be dasara jurgan - a preferable translation would be 'Bureau for the Administration of the Outer Regions.' Chine~e.T~h ere is no lack of materials such as gazetteers, personal accounts, official compilations (dealing in particular with military enterprises), and official records preserved in the dynastic annals. However, no study bas examined the day-today routine activity of the officers who served in Sinkiang. based on either Chinese or Manchu language materials. Pan of the problem of course is that archival materials in the People's Republic of China have become accessible only very recently. The officials who wrote the memorials The bulk of the documents originated in Kashgar while Chinch'ang8 (the Jin of the documents) was there in his capacity as Assistant Military Governor (Ch. ts'an-tsan to-ch 'en, Ma. hebei amban). The first document, dated from the 26th day, 7th month of the 11 t h year of Chia-ch'inglo (September 9, 1806) is a memorial of gratitude by Chinch'ang in which he thanks the emperor for his promotion and gives an account of his trip from Ushi to Kashgar, where he received the seal of office from He-ning. Then Chin describes the ritual prostrations performed to thank the emperor," and refers to his having held a previous position in Ushi.12 According to most sources, however, the appointment was effective on One exception is Eva Kraft, Zum Dsungarenkrieg im 18. Jahrhunden, based on the translation of a Manchu text. A biographical account of Chinch'ang can be found in Li Huan. Kuo-ch 'ao ch 'i hsien lei cheng ch'u pien. chiian 315, 32.a-38b. For this title see Brunnert and Hagelstrom, no. 867; and Mayers, n. 558. Hereafter I shall refer to the years of the Ch'ien-lung (1735-1795) and Chiach'ing lo (1796-1820) reign periods respectively as CL and CC followed by the year number. This is similar to the ceremony described in text no. 10 below " He had been appointed Agent (Ch. pan-shih ta-ch'en) in Ushi the previous year l2 (CC 10). the first month of CC11 .I3W e do not know why over six months lapsed before Chin-ch'ang reached his new assignment, but this delay does explain why He-ning proceeded to take his post as Military Lieutenant Governor in Ur~nqio'n~ly on the tenth month of the same year. Chin-ch'ang's memorial therefore proves that He-ning remained in charge in Kashgar through the fmt six months of CC11. Let us now turn to I and Ai, the other two people mentioned as the authors of the memorials who were clearly serving in Kashgar together with Chin-ch'ang. The first characters of their respective names appear in the Chinese memorials, but they not in the various tables of Ch'ing officials in Sinkiang during the period in question because only the name of the highest ranking man is reported in the official records. In the aforementioned memorial in which Chin thanks the emperor for having promoted him to head of the Kashgar office, he also assures the emperor about his intention to consult with Ai in all matters, which makes it clear that Ai was a close associate of Chin. Another memorial (see below, Text no. 3), dating from the 25th day of the 6th month of CC12 (July 29,1807), provides the solution to the question of his position as well as his full name. This is a memorial of gratitude in which Ai thanks the emperor for his promotion to Assistant Military Governor in Tarbagatai, and also mentions his present position as aisilame baita icihj ara amban (that is, hsieh-pan fa-ch'en or Assistant Agent") which was a deputy to the Assistant Military Governor.16 Going then to the list of the officials who served in Tarbagatai we fmd one Ai- See Ta-ch'ing jen tsung jui (Chia-ch'ing) shih-lu, chiian 156, 19a. Cf. also Ch'ing shih l3 kao, chiian 207, piao 47, Chiang ch 'en nian-piao 11 . Ch. U-lu-mu-ch 'i tu-t 'ung; cf. Mayers, no. 551. l4 Cf. Mayers, no. 561. l5 For the main official posts of the Ch'ing administration in Rashgar see, among other l6 works, Ch 'in-ting Hsin-chiang shih-lueh, chuan 3, 13b W, Lin En-hsien, Ch 'ing-ch 'ao rsai Hsin-chiang ti Han Hui ko-li cheng-ts'e, p. 123. hsing-a who was appointed Assistant Military Governor in the fifth month of CC12, which gives us the final proof that the Ai of our documents is, indeed, Ai-hsmg-a.17 The third man, I, certainly filled one of the other posts in Kashgar, but we do not how for sure which one. Browsing through the list of officers who served at approximately the same time in Sinkiang, one comes across a I-chung-a who served as Agent (Ma. bum icihj ara omban, Ch. pan-shih fa-ch'en) in Ushi from CCS until CC9 (a long period considering the high mobility of these officials). when he was summoned to the capital. Is it possible that he later joined Chin-ch'ang in Kashgar in the same capacity, i.e., as ~genr?'' Unfortunately no biographical sketch of him is available in the standard sources, and for now speculation about his identity and position must rest on circumstantial evidence only. Contents of the memorials By reading these documents it is possible to find out a great deal about the actual management of what can be considered for all practical purposes a colonial administration, the day-today running of official business, and the enactment of official policies at tbe local level. In particular, information can be assembled on the appointment of local Muslim administrators, the level of communication with the capital and the time required for it, the rituals observed by Ch'ing officials on the frontier, trade with neighboring countries and the methods used to carry it out, the financial costs and gains of the administration of Smkung, and the degree of military strength of the occupying forces. These questions are all basic to Unfortunately neither of the two Ai-hsing-a whose biographies can be found in Li l7 Huan, Kuo-ch 'ao ch 'i hsien lei cheng ch 'u pien, chiian 263, 18b ff. and chiian 296, 2 1a ff. - as well as in other biographical collections of the Ch'ing period - can be associated with the person in question. '' Judging from the list of official posts in Kashgar given in the Ch 'in-ring kin-chiang shih-liieh, chiian 3, 14a, there appears to have beeen no such official position as Agent at that time. According to Lm En-hsien, p. 123, however, in the eleventh year (of Chia- ch'ing?) apan-shih fa-ch 'en was established. Similarly, according to Mayers, no. 560 there was a pan-shih fa-ch'en at Kashgar. Of course, no matter whether this post existed in Kashgar at the time or not, I might have also occupied a different position. an understanding of more visible historical events in Sinkiang such as the string of rebellions and armed conflicts that the Ch'ing had to face there in the 19th century. The highly standardized style typical of official correspondence allows for a convenient separation of the documents into categories. Six of them can be easily distinguished: 1. appointments; 2. military matters; 3. financial matters; 4. Burut missions; 5. memorials of gratitude; 6. other civil matters. Appointments This category can be further divided into two types: civil and military. The civil administration was left by the Ch'ing in the hands of the local ruling elite, the islamic beg. As a position became vacant a request was forwarded to the throne to appoint a new official. Two names were supplied with letters of recommendation detailing the basic biographies of the candidates, who were ranked as first and second choices. Without exception the first choice was appointed. It is noteworthy that the appointment had to be made by imperial edict. l9 The military posts were occupied by Ch'ing officers belonging both to the Banners and to the Green Standard m y , w hose personnel were on tour of duty in Sinkiang for an average period of three years, after which they had to be replaced. They were in charge of the town garrisons, relay stations, sentry posts, and smaller local milimy stations. The replacements of higher officers had to be appointed by imperial edict from among officers of comparable rank2' Military matters The memorials gathered under this heading concern the tours carried out by the top- ranking officers at the military installations, which include relay and postal stations as well as garrisons of various sizes. During inspection they checked the state of maintenance of See text no. 8 below. l9 See text no. 1 below. 20 fortifications, weapons, animals (in particular horses), and carts. The level of expertise and training of the soldiers was also subject to scrutiny. The standard training included riding, shooting arrows from horseback, and shooting firearms. Those soldiers whose p e r f o m was regarded as outstanding could be promoted on the spot. Likewise, the soldiers who failed to meet the prescribed standards would be reprimanded and even punished.21 Financial matters Memorials on tax collection, inspection of granaries and storehouses, agricultural production, and the shipment of goods from and to other regions are included in this category. The Ch'ing administration imposed taxes both in kind and in cash on the local population which seem to have been proportional to production output. Some of the products levied were shipped to other regions. In particular, some of the memorials mention regular shipments to Ili at futed times during the year, which included 700 carnies of copper to be sent yearly for a total cost, including shipping and handling, of 42 strings and 315 cash coins. Another item regularly issued to Ili was cloth, for which two shipments were recorded. The first of them, dating from the fall of 1806, amounted to 7,410 bolts of fabric, whose cost also included dying and wrapping. The second, dating from the spring of the following year, amounted to 3,700 bolts. A part of the goods was also shipped to China proper, but it is unclear to what extent this could be regarded as the real cause of a drain on local res~urces.O~n e memorial mentions a yearly mandatory shipment to the capital of two bolts of silk decorated with gold thread and two hundred catties of raisins. Various memorials refer to one large shipment, in the third year of Chia-ch'ing (1797), of jade and cash from Yarkand to the capital that had to be escorted while on transit through Kashgar and other administrative areas. This, however, seems to have been an exceptional, rather than a regular shipment. On the other hand, food and salaries for the military were shipped from the provinces of Shansi and See texts no. 4 and 6 below. 21 On tax collection see text no. 7 below. Zt