Report of the Panel of Eminent Experts on Ethics in Food and Agriculture Thirdsession 14-16September2005 v'-L FAO VialedclleTermediCaratalia 00133Rome,Italy Tel.:(+39)0(».37031 Fax:(+39)0657053132 Internet:www.tao.org Copyrightedmaterial Report ofthe PanelofEminentExperts onEthicsin FoodandAgriculture Thirdsession 14-16September2005 FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS Rome,2006 Copyrightedmaterial Fdiltng,FdeAsOigEnl,aengcdrtarSpouhnpiicpco*PrautbnldBirsdaheniscnkhgtoPpolpiucbylishing- TiwnhhfaeotrdsemosaeitvgienorantoipnornotshdeuecmptaprldtoooyfentdohteaniFmdopotldhyeatnphrdeeAsegexnrptiracetusilsotinuoronefOomrfagtaaennriyizaalotpiiinonntihooinfs atthhneeydUcenoluiintmteirdtya,tNiatoetrniroiotnfosriytcs,ofcnricoteyntroinreiransrgoerathoberoulonefdgiaatlrsioaeurst.hdoervietileosp,moernctonsctaetrunsinogf ISBN978-92-5-105570-0 Aialrnlefoarruimtgahhttoisroirnzeespderrowvdeiudtc.htoRufetopraroenddyuucpcarttiioioronnwaarlintdotrednoitsphseeerrmmiinnsoasnti-ioconnomfomrfeormmcaittaehrelicapolupryipnroitsghehitss pAhmapootpsleledriseicraiaslstppiirrononohtsvhiiibfsdioetiredndsftouwhrciemhtahstpooieuuortrnmcwipersriisotsidtouefcnuntllpsyfehoroarmucirlksednssaoibloweenloeoardfdgodtetrhhdeee.srcsoRecpedoypmrrtmiooegdrhtutchciehtaoilClohdpineuerrsfo.-,f cEFolApeOyc,rtriogVnihiaWclielPfduaeboll.lioesrhgTienrgmPeoldiicyCaarnacdalSluap,po0r0t15B3raRnocmhe,,IIntfaolrymoartiboyneD-imvaiisliont,o eFAO2006 Copyrightedmaterial Contents v Abbreviations 1 Introductorynote Ktahlkhrrx’ntandtermsofreference Membership Organizationofwork Documentation 3 Panelconsiderations,conclusionsandrecommendations Ethicalissuesinfisheries Theethicsoffoodsafety Fthicalissuesinfondaid Animalwelfareandtheintensificationofanimalproduction Theethicsofsustainableagriculturalintensification Hunger,malnutritionandtheRighttoFoodGuidelines Globalizationoffoodandagriculture Globalgoods,globalservicesandprivatization Intellectualpropertyrights 7 Elaborationofthesubstantiveissues Ethicalissuesinfisheries Theethicsoffoodadequacy,includingfoodsafety Fthiralissupsinfoodaid Ethicalperspectivesonanimalwelfareandtheintensificationofanimalproduction Theethicsofsustainableagriculturalintensification Ethics,nutritionandtheVoluntaryGuidelinesontherighttofood Ethicalperspectivesontheglobalizationoffoodandagriculture Globalgoods,globalservicesandprivatization Ethicsandintellectualpropertyrightsinfoodandagriculture This one JLH0-52E-7FR1 . 23 Additionalissuesandtrendsthatgiverisetoconcern Broadpatentsonlifeforms Dataprotectio2n/5confidentiality Future2w.o3.rk24ofthepanel 4. Annexes 1TermsofReference Biographies Agenda Listofdocuments Copyrightedmaterial PanelofEminentExpertsonEthicsinFoooandAgriculture Abbreviations GMO geneticallymodifiedorganism GPGs globalpublicgoods GURTs GeneticUseRestrictionTechnologies IPRs intellectualpropertyrights ITPGRFA InternationalTreatyonPlantGeneticResourcesforFoodandAgriculture(FAO) TRIPSAgreement AgreementonTrade-RelatedAspectsofIntellectualPropertyRights(WorldTradeOrganization) UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization WTO WorldTradeOrganization Copyrightedmaterial . . PaneiofEminentEmmsonEthicsinFoodandAgrktutuee Introductorynote • Establishmentandtermsofreference ThisisthereportofthethirdsessionofthePanelofEminentExpertsonEthicsinFoodand Agriculture,whichwasestablishedbytheDirector-GeneralinaccordancewithArticleVI.4 oftheFAOConstitutionandRuleXXXVoftheGeneralRulesoftheOrganization,foraperiod offouryearsasof1January2000.Itmettwiceinitsfirstfouryearsofexistence.'Thetermof thePanelwasextendedbyafurtherperiodoffouryearsbeginningon1January2004.The TermsofReferenceofthePanel,toraisepublicawarenessandadvisetheDirector-General onethicalissuesinfoodandagriculture,areprovidedinAnnex1 Membership TheDirector-Generalappointedeighteminentexpertsofrecognizedcompetenceinethics, philosophy,humanitiesorarelevanteconomic,legalorscientificdisciplinewithexperience ofethics,andofhighmoralauthorityandinternationalorregionalstanding,toseneasof 1January2004onthePanelintheirpersonalcapacityforfouryears.Themembersofthe Panelappointedfor2004-07areMrFranciscoJ.AyalafromtheUnitedStatesofAmerica, MsRuthChadwickfromtheUnitedKingdom,MsCheeYokeLingfromMalaysia,MrCarlos MariaCorreafromArgentina,MrSouleymaneBachirDiagnefromSenegal,MrAsbjomEide fromNorway,MsCeciliaA.FlorenciofromthePhilippinesandMrTewoldeBerhanGebre EgziabherfromEthiopia.MrAyalaandMrEideweremembersofthefirstPanel;theothers werenewappointees.AsummarybiographyforeachPanelmemberispresentedinAnnex2. Organizationofwork ThePanelhelditsthirdsessionatFAOheadquartersinRomefrom14-16September2005 withMrEideasChair. ThePanelreiteratedthebasicethicalconcernsandresponsibilitiessetoutinitssecond reportandemphasizedtheincreasingneedforethicalconsiderationsinthedecision-making processregardingfoodandagricultureatboththenationalandinternationallevel.Thisneed isespeciallypressingatthepresenttime,giventherateofdepletionoftheearth'slimited resources,thedevelopmentofpowerfultechnologiesmakinguseofthemandtheincreasing levelofinterdependencyandglobalization,whichmayputatrisktheearth'sbalanceand reduceoptionsforfuturegenerations.Whilerecognizingthelowlevelofawarenessandthe needtoincreasesystematicanalysisofmanyoftheissuesdiscussed,thePanelnotedthat significantdevelopmentsaretakingplacebothwithinandoutsideFAO.WithinFAO,an interdepartmentalCommitteeandSubcommitteehaveallowedforin-housereflectionsand iFrtSfnevxJeiilFaaAhnlOde.A.igt2:n0ch0ul1lttp.uiRr.eeNp,vovrvStvevco.ioinaitodw.*soefftsgis.niDeoOlnC,oRi1EEP8mA-iX2n)0e^Mn\ta9rEfcx»hp0e02i€A0t90s2(o.jnOROEto£hOmiOce.sh(iatnvmaFiolioaabdnldeanaFtdA:AOhg.trit2cp0u0Vl3At.uvrweRw,epfFoairrost.toosfiefsttshi'eoDnOP.CaR2nEe6lP-A2o1i80ES5m/eiYpn8te2en6mt5bEeExr/pY2e8r02t0s605.oEnROoEOt.mhhietcsmlin Copyrightedmaterial PaneloeEminemExpertsonEthicsinFoodandAgriculture usefulperiodicalpublicationsandreports,whiletheUnitedNationsSecretary-Generalhas establishedanInter-AgencyCommitteeonBioethicstoensurecooperationandcoordination, andtheGeneralConferenceoftheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCultural Organization(UNESCO)willconsiderforadoptionthetextofa"UniversalDraftDeclaration onBioethicsandHumanRights."2 FAOexpertsintroducedthevariousitemsontheagendaofthethirdsessionofthePanel, whichisprovidedinAnnex3.Inaddition,aseparatemeetingwasheldwithmembersof theinternalCommitteeandSubcommitteeonEthicsinFoodandAgricultureinorderto exchangeviewsbetweenthePanelandFAOstaff.Inviewofthefactthatthiswasthefirst timethemembersofthenewPanelhadmetandthatthePanelhadthreedaysavailable,it wasrecognizedthatitwouldbeprematuretodrawdetailedconclusionsatthissession.It wasthereforeagreedthatmorepreparatoryworkwouldbedonebeforethenextsession, inpartthroughworkingpaperspreparedbythemembersofthePanelandfurtherinteraction betweenitsmembers.Whatissetoutinthisreportarebasicconsiderationsandidentification ofconcernsthatwillbemorefullydevelopedinthereportofthenextbiennium.Thisreport shouldbereadinlinewiththereportsofthetwofirstsessions,whichtookplacein2000 and2002. Documentation ThePanelhadbeforeitrecentpublicationsbyFAOonethicsinfoodandagriculture,drafts currentlybeingpreparedonethicsandanumberofotherdocuments.Afulllistisprovided inAnnex4. Theviewsexpressedandtheconclusionsreachedinthereportarethoseofitsindependent members,andarenotnecessarilysharedbyFAOoritsMembers.• 1SubM-quenilvAdoptedbyUNESCOon19October2005. 2 Copyrightedmaterial PanelofEminentExkrisonEihicsinFoooandAgriculture Panel t:heglobalproblemsofhungerandmalnutrition raisearangeofethicalissues.Theoverarching considerations, JLcconcernistomovetowardsasituationwhere thereisadequatefoodavailabletoallandaccessible conclusionsand botheconomicallyandphysicallyforeveryone, ensuringthatthefoodconsumedissafeandhealthy recommendations andthattheproductionoffoodensuresenvironmental protectionwherenon-renewableresourcesare • preserved.Theworldnowhastheabilitytoproduce sufficientfood,buthasnotfoundwaystoensure itsadequatedistributionandconsumption.To remedytheunacceptablegapsinaccessshownby thefactthathundredsofmillionssufferfromhungerandmalnutritioninaworldofplenty, andtoensuresustainableproduction,measureshavetobetakeninmanyfields,allof whichcangiverisetoethicalissues. Atitsthirdsession,thePanelfocuseditsdiscussiononninemainthemes:i)Ethical issuesinfisheries;ii)Theethicsoffoodsafety;iii)Ethicalissuesinfoodaid;iv)Theethics ofsustainableagriculturalintensification;v)Ethicalperspectivesonanimalwelfareand theintensificationofanimalproduction;vi)Ethicalperspectivesontheglobalizationof foodandagriculture;vii)VoluntaryGuidelinestosupporttheprogressiverealizationof therighttoadequatefoodinthecontextofnationalfoodsecurity;viii)Globalgoods,global servicesandprivatization;ix)Intellectualpropertyrights.Briefrecommendationsregarding eachoftheseissuesaresetoutinthischapter;moredetailedconsiderationsincluding issuesforfurtherdiscussionatthenextsessionaresetoutinthesubsequentchapter. ETHICALISSUESINFISHERIES ThePanelappreciatedthedocument,Ethicalissuesinfisheries'andrecommendsthatsteps shouldbetakentohelpoperationalizetheconceptscontainedtherein.Tothatend,the PanelsuggeststhatTechnicalGuidelinesinsupportoftheFAOCodeofConductfor ResponsibleFisheriescouldbecreatedonhowtouseanethicalframeworktoassistinthe implementationoftheCode;suchguidelinesshouldbedevelopedbytheFisheries Department,takingintoaccountrelevantrecommendationsofthePanelandotherinformed sources. THEETHICSOFFOODSAFETY. Theplantsandanimalsthatweeatasfoodcanbecomeunsafebyvariouscausesand processes,includingdisease-causingorganisms,thepresenceofcontaminantsnotintentionally addedtofood,orthroughdeliberateadulteration.Bothnationalandinternationallaws y'6F6A3O4.eO2O0.0h5tmlC.thicalissuesinfisheries.FAOEthicsScries4.RomeAvailableat:hllp:l|Avww.lao.ufgi,OOCREP-,OOa',Y6614e/ Copyrightedmaterial