Reoperative Pediatric Surgery Reoperative Pediatric Surgery Edited by Steven Teich, md Clinical Assistant Professor of Surgery Ohio State University College of Medicine Surgical Director, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio Donna A. Caniano, md Professor of Surgery and Pediatrics Ohio State University College of Medicine Surgeon-in-Chief Nationwide Children’s Hospital Columbus, Ohio Editors StevenTeich DonnaA.Caniano DepartmentofPediatricSurgery DepartmentofPediatricSurgery NationwideChildren’sHospital NationwideChildren’sHospital 700Children’sDrive–ED323 700Children’sDrive–ED379 Columbus,Ohio43205 Columbus,Ohio43205 [email protected] [email protected] ISBN:978-1-58829-761-7 e-ISBN:978-1-60327-071-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007936724 ©2008HumanaPress,apartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionof thepublisher(HumanaPress,999RiverviewDrive,Suite208,Totowa,NJ07512USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsin connectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval, electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped isforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentified assuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthat maybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Cover illustration: The picture on the front cover depicts the two authors performing surgery together. We wish to thankDr.JonGronerforhisphotographicexpertise. Printedonacid-freepaper 987654321 springer.com Weareinspiredbyourpatientsandtheirfamilies,whoplacetheirtrustinoursurgical expertise and wisdom. During our training in pediatric surgery we were fortunate to have witnessed commitment to long term patient care by our esteemed teachers, Drs. H. William Clatworthy, Jr., E. Thomas Boles, Jr., and Marc I. Rowe. Wededicatethisbooktoourrespectiveparents,PaulineandAbrahamTeichandMary and James Caniano, who taught us that we could accomplish anything through hard work and perseverance. We also dedicate this book to our respective spouses, Esther Chipps and Richard Flores, who are our closest friends, wisest advisors, and sources of daily strength. Steven Teich, MD Donna A. Caniano, MD Preface “Good judgment comes from experience, and often experience comes from poor judgment.” Rita Mae Brown Reoperative surgery is a challenge that is confronted by every surgeon. Although a particular operation may be initially performed with technical skill and followed by appropriate postoperative care, functional and/or anatomic problems may require further surgical attention. The unique circumstances of pediatric patients may predispose them to a greater likelihood of requiring reoperation after a major procedure. • Abowelresectioninaneonatemaydevelopastrictureiftheanastamosisdoesnotgrow atthesamerateastheadjacentbowel.Thereoperativeanastamotictechniqueiscritical, as is the decision whether to resect or taper dilated bowel. • The cancer survival rate has increased dramatically for many pediatric tumors. These patients often require reoperation for treatment of recurrences, as well as for treatment of complications of chemotherapy, such as second malignancies. • Pediatricsurgicalpatientsoftenrequirelifelongfollow-upthatisobviouslymuchlonger thanforadults.Thisincreasesthechancesofrequiringreoperationformanyconditions, including gastroesophageal reflux disease and inguinal hernia. • Even a “simple” gastrostomy may develop complications related to growth. With linear growth,theskinoftheabdominalwalloftenmigratestowardsthechestwall.Therefore, the gastrostomy becomes angulated with leakage of gastric contents onto the abdominal wall, necessitating repositioning of the gastrostomy away from the costal margin. • Pediatricpatientswithcongenitaldiseases,suchascysticfibrosis,oftenrequiremultiple reoperations for complications related to their underlying condition. It is important to mention that not every pediatric surgery reoperative problem has a wealth of contemporary literature. Often reoperative surgery requires seldom used and more complex operative techniques. Frequently, these techniques are too new or too specialized to be found in current pediatric surgery textbooks. For this reason, we have enlisted a group of authors who are recognized experts for their respective topics to provide the most up-to-date information on reoperations for their pediatric surgical colleagues. The pediatric surgery literature on reoperations is fragmented and sketchy. The need for a pediatric surgery textbook that critically analyzes and consolidates all the available literature on reoperations is obvious. For this reason, we have compiled a detailed source of information on reoperations for all areas of the body, all parts of the gastrointestinal tract, all types of pediatric solid tumors, and many common but perplexing problems that we co-manage with other pediatric specialists. vii viii Preface This book has been a labor of love. Now, we hope that it will become a valuable reference for pediatric surgeons, pediatric anesthesiologists, general surgeons performing pediatric surgery, and all pediatric physicians. Wewishtothankoursecretaries,CathyRingsandTeresaRodich,fortheirinvaluable assistance in the preparation of this book. Steven Teich, MD Donna A. Caniano, MD Contents Preface.................................................................... vii Contributors............................................................... xiii SECTION I: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1. Radiology of the Postoperative Patient ................................... 1 WilliamE.Shiels,II,D.GregoryBates,andMarkJ.Hogan 2. Techniques for Difficult Venous and Arterial Access....................... 75 JaimieD.Nathan,JohnM.Racadio,andBradW.Warner SECTION II: HEAD AND NECK 3. Reoperative Head and Neck Surgery..................................... 91 BradleyM.Rodgers 4. Reoperative Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery............................. 103 ElisabethTracyandMichaelA.Skinner SECTION III: CHEST 5. Complications of Pectus Excavatum and Carinatum Repair................. 119 RobertE.Kelly,Jr.andDonaldNuss 6. Complications of CDH Repair and Recurrent CDH....................... 139 MelissaL.Hayward,DarioO.Fauza,andJayM.Wilson 7. Reoperation for Jeune’s Syndrome....................................... 157 J.TerranceDavis,AlistairB.M.Phillips,FrederickR.Long,andRobertG.Castile 8. Reoperation for Benign Breast Disorder.................................. 169 DeniseB.KlinknerandMarjorieJ.Arca SECTION IV: ABDOMINAL WALL 9. Abdominal Wall Disruption ............................................ 175 StevenTeichandDonnaA.Caniano ix x Contents SECTION V: GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT 10. Reoperation after Esophageal Atresia Repair and Other Esophageal Conditions............................................................ 191 BrianD.Kenney 11. Reoperation after Failed Fundoplication and Other Gastric Operations ...... 207 MaryBrindleandJacobC.Langer 12. Reoperation after Duodenal Atresia Repair and Management of Duodenal Fistulas................................................... 219 JonathanI.Groner 13. Reoperation after Surgery of the Small Bowel............................. 225 MoritzM.ZieglerandJohnPetty 14. Interventions for Appendiceal Complications.............................. 241 RenataFabiaandStevenTeich 15. Reoperation for Inflammatory Bowel Disease ............................. 257 ChristopherR.Moir 16. Reoperation for Stoma Complications.................................... 279 BenedictC.Nwomeh 17. Reoperative Surgery for Hirschsprung Disease............................. 287 MohamedI.El-sawaf,ArnoldG.Coran,andDanielH.Teitelbaum 18. Reoperative Surgery for Anorectal Malformations.......................... 311 MarcA.LevittandAlbertoPeña 19. Reoperation for Recurrent Anal and Perianal Conditions................... 327 ShahabAbdessalamandDonnaA.Caniano SECTION VI: SOLID ORGANS 20. Reoperation of the Liver and Biliary System .............................. 337 JaimieD.NathanandFrederickC.Ryckman 21. Reoperation of the Pancreas............................................. 367 EuniceY.Huang,MaxR.Langham,Jr.andTimothyC.Fabian SECTION VII: REOPERATIVE ONCOLOGY 22. Rhabdomyosarcoma.................................................... 385 DavidRodebergandEugeneS.Wiener Contents xi 23. Neuroblastoma........................................................ 397 JohnB.Hamner,AndrewM.Davidoff,andStephenJ.Shochat 24. Wilms’ Tumor........................................................ 411 SanjeevA.VasudevanandJedG.Nuchtern 25. Peripheral Neuroectodermal Tumors..................................... 427 MichaelP.LaQuaglia 26. Osteosarcoma Metastases............................................... 435 MatthewT.Harting,RichardJ.Andrassy,andAndreaHayes-Jordan 27. Neurofibromatosis..................................................... 447 RaviS.RadhakrishnanandRichardJ.Andrassy 28. Tumors of the Liver ................................................... 459 RebeckaL.Meyers 29. Sacrococcygeal Teratoma ............................................... 467 AntoineDeBackerandFransW.J.Hazebroek SECTION VIII: REOPERATION OF THE GENITOURINARY TRACT 30. Recurrent Hernia, Hydrocele, and Varicocele ............................. 475 RobertE.Cilley,BrettW.Engbrecht,andAndreasH.Meier 31. Failed Orchidopexy and Complications of Circumcision ................... 487 SethA.Alpert,StephenA.Koff,andVenkataR.Jayanthi 32. Complications of Vaginoplasty and Clitoroplasty.......................... 499 LesleyL.Breech SECTION IX: OTHER REOPERATIVE PROBLEMS FOR PEDIATRIC SURGEONS 33. Abdominal Complications of Ventricular-Peritoneal Shunts................. 515 BenedictC.NwomehandScottElton 34. Revisional Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents................................ 525 MarcMichalsky,StevenTeich,andBradleyJ.Needleman Index ..................................................................... 539