R&Ra.v1-ttlpgs. qxp 4/5/04 3:08 PM Page 1 Almanac R&Ra.v1-ttlpgs. qxp 4/5/04 3:08 PM Page 3 Almanac 1 Volume PEGGY SAARI & AARON SAARI, EDITORS Julie Carnagie, Project Editor Renaissance and Reformation: Almanac Peggy Saari and Aaron Saari Project Editor Composition Julie L. Carnagie Evi Seoud Permissions Manufacturing Kimberly Davis Rita Wimberly Imaging and Multimedia Robert Duncan, Kelly A. Quin Product Design Pamela A. Galbreath ©2002 by U•X•L. U•X•L is an imprint of ing, Web distribution, or information Margaret Cavendish) and the New York The Gale Group, Inc., a division of storage retrieval systems—without the Public Library Picture Collection (Mona Thomson Learning, Inc. written permission of the publisher. Lisa). U•X•L®is a registered trademark used For permission to use material from this While every effort has been made to herein under license. 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Errors brought to the at- Permissions Hotline: tention of the publisher and verified to ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253; ext. the satisfaction or the publisher will be No part of this work covered by the 8006 corrected in future editions. copyright hereon may be reproduced or Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 used in any form or by any means— graphic, electronic, or mechanical, in- Cover photographs reproduced by per- cluding photocopying, recording, tap- mission of Corbis (King Henry VIII and LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Saari, Peggy. Renaissance and Reformation. Almanac / Peggy Saari and Aaron Saari ; Julie L. Carnagie, editor. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7876-5467-1 (set hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Renaissance–Juvenile literature. 2. Reformation–Juvenile literature. I. Saari, Aaron Maurice. II. Carnagie, Julie. III. Title. CB359 .S23 2002 940.2’1–dc21 2002006152 Vol. 1. 0-7876-5468-X; Vol. 2. 0-7876-5469-8; Set 0-7876-5467-1 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Reader’s Guide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Timeline of Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii Research and Activity Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlv Volume 1 A Changing Europe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Achievements of the Renaissance. . . . . . . . . 2 Influences on the Renaissance. . . . . . . . . . 10 The Black Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Peasant uprisings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 The Ottoman Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 European wars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 The idea of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 v A Divided Italy: Home of the Renaissance . . . . . . . . 45 Renaissance spreads from Italy . . . . . . . . . 46 Italian Wars dominate Renaissance . . . . . . . 48 The major city-states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain . . . 90 France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 The age of European exploration. . . . . . . . 134 Central and Northern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 The Holy Roman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . 142 The Protestant Reformation . . . . . . . . . . 144 The Habsburg Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 The Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Scandinavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Martin Luther: Founder of Lutheranism . . . . . . . . 190 The Babylonian Captivity . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Luther starts Reformation . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Luther at Wittenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 Can one man change a powerful institution? . . 200 Luther’s troubles begin . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Diet of Worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Return to Wittenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 A new pope and the Diet of Nuremberg. . . . . 209 The German Peasants’ War . . . . . . . . . . 210 Luther gets married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 The Diets of Speyer: 1526 and 1529 . . . . . . 216 The Augsburg Confession: 1530 . . . . . . . . 219 Luther’s last years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 The Protestant Reformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 vi Renaissance and Reformation: Almanac Scandinavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 The Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) . . . . . . . . . . 259 The Catholic Reformation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Reform movement take shape . . . . . . . . . 269 Church starts reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Religious orders and congregations formed . . . 275 The Inquisitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 Witchcraft trials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Where to Learn More. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlix Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lxi Volume 2 Italian Renaissance Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Humanist literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Renaissance art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Performing arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Northern Renaissance Culture. . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Italian Renaissance ideas adopted . . . . . . . 373 Humanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 Northern Renaissance art . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Scientific method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 Medicine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 Contents vii Geography and cartography . . . . . . . . . . 455 Scientific instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Alchemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Astrology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 Social Status and Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 First Estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Second Estate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 Third Estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 Life at Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Life in the city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 Life in the country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Social outsiders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Social problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 Education and Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513 Humanist education developed . . . . . . . . 514 Italian schools start movement. . . . . . . . . 515 France starts humanist collèges . . . . . . . . . 518 Spain and Portugal influenced by Italy . . . . . 520 New schools in England and Scotland . . . . . 521 Organized education in Germany and Low Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Education for women promoted . . . . . . . . 524 Universities flourish during the Renaissance . . 526 Professional training . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530 Artisan training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Women in the Renaissance and Reformation. . . . . . 538 Women in the family . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 Women and religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 Women in high culture . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 Daily Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 A diverse society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 Family and kinship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 Households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 Marriage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 viii Renaissance and Reformation: Almanac Childbirth and infancy . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 Childhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Food and drink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590 Clothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 Festivals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Fairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608 Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610 Sickness and disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 Death . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 Where to Learn More. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xlix Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lxi Contents ix Reader’s Guide Renaissance and Reformation: Almanacprovides a wide range of historical information on the period in European histo- ry between the mid-1300s and the early 1600s. The two-vol- ume set explores both the Italian and Northern Renaissance as well as the Protestant and Catholic Reformations. Arranged in fourteen subject chapters, Renaissance and Reformation: Al- manac includes topics such as the rise of European monar- chies, Martin Luther and his role in the Protestant Reforma- tion, Italian and Northern Renaissance culture, science during the Renaissance, education and training, women in Renais- sance society, and daily life. Additional Features Renaissance and Reformation: Almanacincludes numer- ous sidebars, some focusing on people associated with the Re- naissance and Reformation era, others taking a closer look at pivotal events. More than one hundred black-and-white illus- trations enliven the text, while cross-references are made to people or events discussed in other chapters. Both volumes contain a timeline, a glossary, research and activity ideas, a xi