REMEDEATIVE INFLUENCE OF SAWDUST IN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ARSENIC PRESENT IN POTATO SOIL MD. NOUSAD HOSSAIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY DHAKA-1207 DECEMBER, 2013 REMEDEATIVE INFLUENCE OF SAWDUST IN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ARSENIC PRESENT IN POTATO SOIL By MD. NOUSAD HOSSAIN REGISTRATION NO. 07-02389 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRONOMY SEMESTER: JULY-DECEMBER, 2013 Approved by: ………………………………. .……………………....... (Prof. Dr. Tuhin Suvra Roy) (Prof. Dr. Hazrat Ali ) Supervisor Co-supervisor ……………………………………. ( Prof. Dr. H. M. M. Tariq Hossain ) Chairman Examination Committee DEDICATED TO MY BELOVED PARENTS DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka-1207 Phone: 9134789 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “ REMEDEATIVE INFLUENCE OF SAWDUST IN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF ARSENIC PRESENT IN POTATO SOIL” submitted to the Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE (M.S.) in AGRONOMY, embodies the results of a piece of bona fide research work carried out by MD. NOUSAD HOSSAIN, Registration. No. 07-02389, under my supervision and guidance. No part of this thesis has been submitted for any other degree or diploma. I further certify that such help or source of information as has been availed of during the course of this investigation has duly been acknowledged. Dated: (Prof. Dr. Tuhin Suvra Roy) Dhaka, Bangladesh Supervisor LIST OF ACRONYMS AEZ Agro-Ecological Zone Agric. Agriculture Agril. Agricultural Anon. Anonymous As Arsenic BARC Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council BARI Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Bd Bangladesh cm Centi-meter cm2 Centi-meter squares CV % Percent Coefficient of Variance DAP Days After Planting Dev. Devlopment Environ Environmental et al. And others Expt. Experemental FAO Food and Agriculture Organization g Gram (s) mg Milligram Sci. Science hill-1 Per hill i.e. id est (L), that is Res. Research j. Journal kg Kilogram (s) LSD Least Significant Difference m2 Meter squares M.S. Master of Science Na Sodium No. Number ppm Parts per million RCBD Randomized Complete Block Design SAU Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University SE Standard Error t ha-1 Ton per hectare UNDP United Nations Development Programme viz Namely % Percentage i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT All praises are due to the Almighty Allah, the great, the gracious, merciful and supreme ruler of the universe to complete the research work and thesis successfully for the degree of Master of Science (MS) in Agronomy. The author expresses the deepest sense of gratitude, sincere appreciation and heartfelt indebtedness to his reverend research supervisor Professor. Dr. Tuhin Suvra Roy, Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka for his scholastic guidance, innovative suggestion, constant supervision and inspiration, valuable advice and helpful criticism in carrying out the research work and preparation of his manuscript. The author deems it a proud privilege to acknowledge his gratefulness, boundless gratitude and best regards to his respectable co-supervisor Professor Dr. Md. Hazrat Ali, Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka for his valuable advice, constructive criticism and factual comments in upgrading the research work and this documents. Special appreciation and warmest gratitude are extended to his esteemed teachers Prof. Dr. H. M. M. Tariq Hossain, Prof. Dr. Md. Fazlul Karim, Prof. Dr. Md. Jafar Ullah, Prof. Dr. A.K.M Ruhul Amin, Prof. Dr. Parimal Kanti Biswas, Prof. Dr. Md. Sahidul Islam, Associate. Prof. Abdullahil Baque, Associate Prof. Md. Obaidul Islam, Associate. Prof. Mirza Hasanuzzaman, and all other teachers, Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka who provided creative suggestions, guidance and constant inspiration from the beginning to the completion of the research work. Their contribution, love and affection would persist in his memory for countless days. The author expresses his heartiest thanks to his dearest friends and elder brother Soriful Islam, Rafique Chowdhury, Pretom, Roni, Mamun, Razi Uddin, Nirmol, Sumon and Sharin Sharmin, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka for their endless and active co- operation during the entire period of the research. The author also expresses his special thanks to Section Officer, Lab. Assistants and other office staff of the Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka for their extended and heartiest helps during the research work. The author expresses his unfathomable tributes, sincere gratitude and heartfelt indebtedness from his core of heart to his parents; whose blessings, inspiration, sacrifice, and moral support opened the gate and paved the way of his higher study. The author also expresses his indebtedness to his sisters and brother for their love and well wishing. The Author ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE LIST OF ACRONYMS i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii LIST OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF TABLES v LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF APPENDICES viii LIST OF PLATES ix ABSTRACT x I INTRODUCTION 1 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4 2.1 Arsenic effect 4 2.2 Minimizing toxicity of arsenic by biosorption 12 technology III MATERIALS AND METHODS 19 3.1 Site description 19 3.1.1 Geographical location 19 3.1.2 Agro-Ecological Region 19 3.1.3 Climate 19 3.2 Details of the experiment 20 3.2.1 Treatments 20 3.2.2 Experimental design 20 3.3 Crop/Planting material 20 3.4 Crop management 21 3.4.1 Seed collection 21 3.4.2 Seed preparation 21 3.4.3 Soil and Baskets preparation 21 3.4.4 Fertilizer application 21 3.4.5 Soil Arsenic and Sawdust treatment 22 3.4.6 Tagging 22 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont’d) CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO. 3.4.7 Planting of seed tuber 23 3.4.8 Intercultural operations 23 3.4.8.1 Weeding 23 3.4.8.2 Watering 23 3.4.8.3 Earthing up 23 3.4.8.4 Disease and pest management 23 3.4.8.5 Haulm cutting 23 3.4.8.5 Harvesting of potatoes 24 3.4.9 Recording of data 24 3.4.10 Detailed procedures of recording data 25 3.4.11 Statistical analysis 28 IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 29 4.1 Days to first emergence 29 4.2 Plant height (cm) 33 4.3 Number of leaves plant-1 36 4.4 Number of stems hill-1 39 4.5 Leaf area plant-1 (cm2) 42 4.6 Stem diameter (cm) 45 4.7 Chlorophyll content in leaf (%) 49 4.8 Stem dry matter content (%) 52 4.9 Tuber flesh dry matter content (%) 53 4.10 Tuber peel dry matter content (%) 54 4.11 Days to maturity )Visual observation( 57 4.12 Number of tubers plant-1 60 4.13 Yield of tuber plant-1 (g) 61 4.14 Specific gravity of tuber 64 4.15 Total soluble solids of tuber 64 4.16 Grade of tubers (% by number and weight) 68 4.17 Arsenic content of tuber peel )mg kg-1( 73 4.18 Arsenic content of tuber flesh )mg kg-1( 76 V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 82 REFERENCES 85 APPENDICES 93 iv LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 01 Combined effect of Sawdust and Arsenic levels on 38 number of leaves plant-1 at different days after planting (DAP) 02 Combined effect of Sawdust and Arsenic levels on 41 number of stems hill-1 at different days after planting (DAP) of potato 03 Combined effect of sawdust and As levels on Leaf 44 area plant-1 at different days after planting (DAP) of potato 04 Combined effect of Sawdust and Arsenic levels on 48 Stem diameter at different days after planting (DAP) of potato 05 Effect of Arsenic levels on potato related to dry 55 matter content 06 Combined effect of Sawdust and Arsenic levels 56 related to dry matter content 07 Effect of sawdust related to number of tubers hill-1 62 and yield 08 Effect of Arsenic levels related to number of tubers 62 hill-1 and yield 09 Combined effect of Sawdust and Arsenic levels 63 related to number of tubers hill-1 and yield 10 Effect of Sawdust related to Specific gravity of 66 tuber and total soluble sugar 11 Effect of Arsenic related to Specific gravity of 66 tuber and total soluble sugar 12 Combined effect of Sawdust and Arsenic levels 67 related to Specific gravity of tuber and total soluble solids 13 Effect of sawdust levels on grade of tubers (On the 71 basis of number and weight) 14 Effect of Arsenic levels on grade of tubers (On the 71 basis of number and weight) 15 Combine effects of sawdust and arsenic levels on 72 grade of tubers (On the basis of number and weight) 16 Effect of sawdust on As content of peel and flesh 79 of potato tuber 17 Effect of As on As content of peel and flesh of 79 potato tuber v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO. 01 Effect of sawdust level on days to emergence 30 02 Effect of Arsenic levels on days to emergence 31 03 Combined effect of Sawdust and different 32 Arsenic levels on days to emergence 04 Effect of sawdust levels on plant height at 34 different days after planting (DAP) 05 Effect of Arsenic levels on plant height at 34 different days after planting (DAP) 06 Combined effect of Sawdust and Arsenic levels 35 on plant height at different days after planting (DAP) 07 Effect of sawdust on number of leaves plant-1 at 37 different days after planting (DAP) 08 Effect of Arsenic levels on number of leaves 37 plant-1 at different days after planting (DAP) 09 Effect of sawdust level number of stem at 40 different days after planting (DAP) 10 Effect of Arsenic levels on number of stem at 40 different days after planting (DAP) 11 Effect of saw dust on the leaf area plant-1at 43 different days after planting (DAP) 12 Effect of As levels on leaf area plant-1at different 43 days after planting (DAP) 13 Effect of sawdust on stem diameter at different 46 days after planting (DAP) Effect of As levels on stem diameter at different 46 14 days after planting (DAP) 15 Effect of sawdust related to Chlorophyll content 50 of leaf 16 Effect of sawdust related to Chlorophyll content 50 of leaf vi