Cem Emrence is a post-doctoral fellow of history at the Uni- ver sity of Massachusetts-Amherst. His research focuses on the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey. His work has appeared in many academic journals including the Journal of Global History, Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, Middle Eastern Studies, Turkish Studies and Comparative Sociology. He teaches courses on the Ottoman Empire, Comparative Empires and the Modern Middle East among others. PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd ii 1100//77//22001111 1111::4411::1177 AAMM PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd iiii 1100//77//22001111 1111::4411::1177 AAMM REMAPPING THE OTTOMAN MIDDLE EAST Modernity, Imperial Bureaucracy, and the Islamic State Cem Emrence PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd iiiiii 1100//77//22001111 1111::4411::1177 AAMM Published in 2011 by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com Distributed in the United States and Canada Exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © 2011 Cem Emrence The right of Cem Emrence to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. 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Library of Ottoman Studies, vol. 31 ISBN 978 1 84885 958 6 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress catalog card: available Typeset by Newgen Publishers, Chennai Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd iivv 1100//77//22001111 1111::4411::1177 AAMM CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgements xi Note on Transliteration xiii Introduction 1 Method 2 Imperial Paths 4 Theory 8 Background and Plan of the Book 10 1 Historiography 15 Modernization Approaches 17 Macro Models 21 Bargaining Perspectives 27 Conclusions 32 2 Coast 35 The Making of a Globally-Connected Economy 36 Middle Class Hegemony 41 Economic Contention 46 Conclusions 50 3 Interior 55 An Urban Muslim Bloc 55 PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd vv 1100//77//22001111 1111::4411::1177 AAMM vi REMAPPING THE OTTOMAN MIDDLE EAST Creating Regional Markets 62 Patrimonial Tensions 67 Conclusions 74 4 Frontier 75 Politics of Emergency 76 Collecting Protection Money 84 Rebellious Repertoires 90 Conclusions 97 5 Routes of Transformation, 1908–1922 101 The New Imperial Class 102 Nationalizing the Coast 107 Failed Bargains in the Interior 110 Making Frontiers Independent 115 Conclusions 119 Conclusion 121 Late Ottoman Trajectories 121 Ottoman Insights 124 A New Research Agenda 128 Notes 131 Bibliography 155 Index 185 PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd vvii 1100//77//22001111 1111::4411::1188 AAMM ILLUSTRATIONS Illustrations Military strengthening. The First Battalion of the First Infantry Regiment of the Imperial Guard. (Abdulhamid II Collection, Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-38077) 19 Economic independence. Removing the French post box in Jerusalem with the abrogation of capitulations. (American Colony (Jerusalem), Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ppmsca-13709-00243) 26 Bargaining with locals. Ali Ekrem Bey in Beersheba, 1905. (American Colony (Jerusalem), Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ppmsca-13709-00134) 29 Rise of regional port towns. The construction of Haifa Railroad. 40 Symbol of modernity. Clock Tower of Izmir. 44 Cosmopolitanism. Galata Bridge connecting the old and the new in Istanbul. (Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ppmsca-03801) 45 Trade in a multi-cultural setting. A Christian merchant from Aydın, a rabbi from Izmir, and a Muslim merchant from Manisa, 1873. (Les costumes populaires de la Turquie en 1873, Library of Congress, LC-USZC4-11714) 47 PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd vviiii 1100//77//22001111 1111::4411::1188 AAMM viii REMAPPING THE OTTOMAN MIDDLE EAST Connected to global flows. Pera neighboorhood in Istanbul. (Abdulhamid II Collection, Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-81654) 51 Eliminating the rural hero. Bedouin. (American Colony (Jerusalem), Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ppmsca-13195) 58 Training the imperial bureaucrat. Imperial School of Civil Service students (Mekteb-i Mülkiye-i Şahane). (Abdulhamid II Collection, Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-81997) 61 Training the imperial bureaucrat. Law School Building. (Abdulhamid II Collection, Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-81994) 61 Istanbul style. An upscale Damascus home at the turn of the century. (University of Pennslyvania Museum, DD2000–00530) 62 The new Arab-Imperial elite. Maktab Anbar in Damascus after renovation. Aga Khan Trust for Culture. 70 The new Arab-Imperial elite. Students from imperial middle school in Aleppo. (Abdulhamid II Collection, LC-USZ62-80856) 71 Extending the imperial reach. Opening of Hijaz Railway. 77 ‘Taming’ the Ottoman frontiers. Tribal School (Aşiret Mektebi) students in Istanbul. (Abdulhamid II Collection, Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-81454) 79 ‘Taming’ the Ottoman frontiers. Tribal School (Aşiret Mektebi) students in Istanbul. (Abdulhamid II Collection, Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-81469) 80 Inventing traditions. Ali Ekrem Bey presenting robes of honor in Beersheba. (American Colony (Jerusalem), Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ppmsca-13709-00134) 82 Protection sellers. A member of Harb tribe (of Medina) with a rifle. (Les costumes populaires de la Turquie en 1873, Library of Congress, LC-USZC4-11727) 88 PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd vviiiiii 1100//77//22001111 1111::4411::1188 AAMM ILLUSTRATIONS ix The new imperial class and positivism. Medical School (Tıbbiye Mektebi) students. (Abdulhamid II Collection, Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-82006) 103 Projecting an Ottoman identity. Religious leaders and imperial elite at the ballot-box. 105 War mobilization. Recruiting for the army near Tiberias, 1914. (American Colony (Jerusalem), Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ppmsca-13709-00009) 113 Ottoman army. Ottoman soldiers’ daily ration in Palestine, 1917. (American Colony (Jerusalem), Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ppmsca-13709-00167) 113 Call for Jihad. Sharif of Medina supporting the Ottoman war effort in Medina, 1914. (American Colony (Jerusalem), Library of Congress, LC-DIG-ppmsca-13709-00005) 117 Figures 1 Three Waves of Late Ottoman Historiography 16 2 Collective Action in the Ottoman Frontier 96 PPrreelliimmss..iinndddd iixx 1100//77//22001111 1111::4411::1188 AAMM