Religious Violence Today 1 Religious Violence Today Faith and Conflict in the Modern World VOLUME 1: African Religion to Islam Michael Jerryson, Editor Copyright © 2020 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Every reasonable effort has been made to trace the owners of copyright materials in this book, but in some instances this has proven impossible. The editors and publishers will be glad to receive information leading to more complete acknowledgments in subsequent printings of the book and in the meantime extend their apologies for any omissions. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Jerryson, Michael K., editor. Title: Religious violence today : faith and conflict in the modern world / Michael Jerryson, editor. Description: 1st edition. | Santa Barbara : ABC-CLIO, an imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Contents: v. 1.—v. 2. | Identifiers: LCCN 2019056919 (print) | LCCN 2019056920 (ebook) | ISBN 9781440859922 (v. 1 ; hardcover) | ISBN 9781440859939 (v. 2 ; hardcover) | ISBN 9781440859908 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781440859915 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Violence—Religious aspects—History. | Political violence—Religious aspects—History. | Persecution—History. | Hate crimes—History. | Religion and politics—History. Classification: LCC BL65.V55 R568 2020 (print) | LCC BL65.V55 (ebook) | DDC 201/.76332—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019056919 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019056920 ISBN: 978-1-4408-5990-8 (print) 978-1-4408-5992-2 (vol. 1) 978-1-4408-5993-9 (vol. 2) 978-1-4408-5991-5 (ebook) 24 23 22 21 20 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available as an eBook. ABC-CLIO An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC 147 Castilian Drive Santa Barbara, California 93117 www . abc - clio . com This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America Contents Preface, xiii Introduction: The Legacy of Religion and Violence, xvii Timeline, xxiii VOLUME 1 African Religion, 1 Introduction, 1 Assault Sorcery (War Magic), 11 Bentiu Massacre (South Sudan, 2014), 13 Central African Republic (CAR), Ethnoreligious Violence in, 16 Child Soldiers, 18 Christian and Muslim Responses to Ethnoreligious Violence in Africa, 20 Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia: Ethnoreligious Violence in the Horn of Africa, 23 Gender and Sexual Orientation (African Religion), 24 Holy Spirit Movement, 29 Hunters’ Militias, 33 Lord’s Resistance Army, 35 Mai-Mai Rebels, 39 Millennialism (Africa), 42 Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 43 Santeria, 46 Sudan and South Sudan, Ethnoreligious Violence in, 49 Voodoo (Vodun), 50 Witchcraft, 52 v vi Contents Buddhism, 58 Introduction, 58 Ahimsa (Nonharm), 66 Ashoka (Asoka) (r. 268–232 BCE), 69 Aung San Suu Kyi (1945–), 71 Bodu Bala Sena (Buddhist Power Force), 73 Buddhist End Times, 76 Chittagong Buddhists, Persecution of, 78 Fourteenth Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) (1935–), 81 Gender and Sexual Orientation (Buddhism), 85 International Network of Engaged Buddhists, 88 Kachin, Persecution of, 90 Knowing Buddha Organization, 93 Ma Ba Tha, 95 Mahavamsa, 97 969 Movement, 100 Rakhine State Violence (Myanmar), 103 Saffron Army (Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna), 105 Saffron Revolution (2007), 107 Sarvodaya Shramadana Movement, 109 Soldier Monks, 112 Southern Thailand, 114 Sulak Sivaraksa (1933–), 118 Thich Nhat Hanh (1926–), 120 Three Jewels (Buddha, Dharma, Sangha), 122 Upayakaushalya Sutra (Skill-in-Means Sutra), 126 Vegetarianism, 128 Chinese Religion, 131 Introduction, 131 Analects, 137 Anti-Christian Attacks, 140 Anti-Muslim Attacks, 142 Art of War (Sunzi), 146 Chinese Atheism, 148 Daodejing, 150 Falun Gong, 153 Gender and Sexual Orientation (Chinese Religion), 155 Mao Zedong (1893–1976), 157 Martial Arts, 160 Contents vii Martial Deities, 162 Mengzi (Mencius) (372–289 BCE), 165 Self-Inflicted Violence, 168 Spirit Medium (Tang Ki), 169 Xunzi (310–220 BCE), 173 Christianity, 176 Introduction, 176 Anti-Abortion Movement, 184 Anti-Muslim Attacks, 186 Armageddon, 189 Breivik, Anders Behring (1979–), 192 Catholicism and Sexual Abuse, 193 Christian Fundamentalism, 195 Christian Identity Movement, 198 Christian Reconstructionism, 200 Eugenics, 202 Gender and Sexual Orientation (Christianity), 205 Guatemalan Predatory Pastoralism, 207 Ilaga, 210 Jehovah’s Witnesses, Persecution of, 212 Just War Ideology, 214 Ku Klux Klan, 217 Liberation Theology, 219 Martyrdom, 221 Narcoreligious Movements, 223 National Socialist Council of Nagaland, 226 New Testament, 228 Niebuhr, Reinhold (1892–1971), 231 Roof, Dylann (1994–), 233 Sodom and Gomorrah, 235 Westboro Baptist Church (Topeka, Kansas), 237 Hinduism, 240 Introduction, 240 Ahimsa (Nonharm), 246 Anti-Christian Attacks, 248 Anti-Muslim Attacks, 251 Ayodhya, 253 Bhagavad Gita, 255 viii Contents Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 258 Bhutanese Hindus, Persecution of, 260 Dalits, Violence against, 262 Gandhi, Mohandas (1869–1948) (Mahatma, Gandhianism), 265 Gender and Sexual Orientation (Hinduism), 269 Gujarat Riots (2002), 273 Hindu Mahasabha, 275 Hindutva, 277 Kandhamal Riots (2007, 2008), 281 Kashmir, 283 Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 285 Muzaffarnagar Riots (2013), 286 Pakistani Hindus, Persecution of, 289 Partition (1947), 291 Ramayana, 295 Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), 298 Saffron Terrorism, 300 Singh, Jyoti (1989–2012), Gang Rape of, 302 Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), 304 Islam, 307 Introduction, 307 Ahmadiyya, Persecution of, 323 Al-Shabaab, 325 Assam Bodo-Muslim Conflict, 328 Blasphemy, 332 Boko Haram, 335 Boston Marathon Bombing (2013), 338 Charlie Hebdo Attack (2015), 341 “The Clash of Civilizations?” (Huntington, 1993), 342 Gender and Sexual Orientation (Islam), 345 Hadith, 347 Hamas, 350 Hezbollah, 353 ISIS (Islamic State), 356 Islamophobia, 359 Jihad, 362 Kashmir and Global Jihad, 367 Martyrdom (Shia Islam), 369 Martyrdom (Sunni Islam), 372 Contents ix Maute Group (Islamic State of Lanao), 375 Muslim Brotherhood, 376 The Neglected Duty (1981), 380 9/11 and al-Qaeda, 382 Qur’an, 386 Rohingya, Persecution of, 389 Salafism, 395 Takfir, 398 Taliban, 401 Uyghurs, 403 Uzbeks and Islamism, 406 Wahhabism, 409 VOLUME 2 Jainism, 413 Introduction, 413 Ahimsa (Nonharm), 425 Anekantavada, 428 Anup Mandal, 430 Asceticism, 433 Bahubali Hill Affair (1980s), 436 Digambara-Shvetambara Conflict, 439 Gender and Sexual Orientation (Jainism), 443 Mahavira (Fifth Century BCE), 446 Sallekhana (Santhara), 449 Svastika (Swastika), 451 Tirthankaras, 455 Vegetarianism, 458 Judaism, 463 Introduction, 463 Amalekites, 472 Antisemitism, 474 Antisemitism in the Arab World, 477 BDS (Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions) Movement, 479 Blood Libel, 481 Crusades, 484 Gender and Sexual Orientation (Judaism), 487 Gog and Magog, 490