Religion in the neolibeRal age ashgate ahRC/eSRC Religion and Society Series Series Editors: linda Woodhead, University of lancaster, UK Rebecca Catto, University of lancaster, UK this book series emanates from the largest research programme on religion in europe today – the ahRC/eSRC Religion and Society Programme which has invested in over seventy-five research projects. Thirty-two separate disciplines are represented looking at religion across the world, many with a contemporary and some with an historical focus. This international, multi-disciplinary and interdisciplinary book series will include monographs, paperback textbooks and edited research collections drawn from this leading research programme. Forthcoming in the series: Understanding Muslim Chaplaincy Sophie gilliat-Ray, Stephen Pattison and Mansur ali Religion in Consumer Society Brands, Consumers and Markets edited by François gauthier and tuomas Martikainen Contesting Secularism Comparative Perspectives edited by anders berg-Sørensen Religion in the neoliberal age Political economy and Modes of governance Edited by tUoMaS MaRtiKainen University of Helsinki, Finland FRançoiS gaUthieR University of Fribourg, Switzerland © tuomas Martikainen and François gauthier 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. tuomas Martikainen and François gauthier have asserted their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work. Published by ashgate Publishing limited ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court east 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham burlington, Vt 05401-3818 Surrey, gU9 7Pt USa england www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Martikainen, Tuomas. Religion in the neoliberal age : political economy and modes of governance. – (ashgate ahRC/eSRC religion and society series) 1. Religion and state—History—21st century. 2. Religion and politics— History—21st century. 3. Religion and sociology—History—21st century. 4. Neoliberalism—Religious aspects. I. Title II. Series III. Gauthier, François. 200.9'05–dc23 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Religion in the neoliberal age : political economy and modes of governance / edited by Tuomas Martikainen and François Gauthier. p. cm. — (Ashgate AHRC/ESRC religion and society series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4094-4978-2 (hardcover) — ISBN 978-1-4094-4979-9 (ebook) 1. Religion—History—21st century. 2. Religion and politics. 3. Neoliberalism. 4. Religion and state. 5. Religion and sociology. I. Martikainen, Tuomas. II. Gauthier, François. BL98.R39 2013 201'.72—dc23 2012018681 iSbn 9781409449782 (hbk) iSbn 9781409449799 (ebk – PDF) iSbn 9781409473350 (ebk – ePUb) II Printed and bound in great britain by the MPG Books Group, UK. Contents Notes on Contributors vii Preface xi Introduction: Religion in Market Society 1 François Gauthier, Tuomas Martikainen and Linda Woodhead PART I RelIgIons In The new PolITIcAl economy 1 Entrepreneurial Spirituality and Ecumenical Alterglobalism: Two Religious Responses to Global Neoliberalism 21 Joanildo A. Burity 2 Making Religion Irrelevant: The ‘Resurgent Religion’ Narrative and the Critique of Neoliberalism 37 James V. Spickard 3 The Decline of the Parishes and the Rise of City Churches: The German Evangelical Church in the Age of Neoliberalism 53 Jens Schlamelcher 4 Catholic Church Civil Society Activism and the Neoliberal Governmental Project of Migrant Integration in Ireland 69 Breda Gray 5 Faith, Welfare and the Formation of the Modern American Right 91 Jason Hackworth PART II PolITIcAl goveRnAnce of RelIgIon 6 Neoliberalism and the Privatization of Welfare and Religious Organizations in the United States of America 109 David Ashley and Ryan Sandefer 7 Multilevel and Pluricentric Network Governance of Religion 129 Tuomas Martikainen vi Religion in the Neoliberal Age 8 Regulating Religion in a Neoliberal Context: The Transformation of Estonia 143 Ringo Ringvee 9 Neoliberalism and Counterterrorism Laws: Impact on Australian Muslim Community Organizations 161 Agnes Chong 10 From Implicitly Christian to Neoliberal: The Moral Foundations of Canadian Law Exposed by the Case of Prostitution 177 Rachel Chagnon and François Gauthier 11 Religious Freedom and Neoliberalism: From Harm to Cost-benefit 193 Lori G. Beaman Bibliography 211 Index 243 Notes on Contributors David Ashley is Professor of Sociology at the University of Wyoming, USA. His main interests are social theory, political sociology and the sociology of knowledge. His work has been translated into several languages and he has published in numerous journals in the USA, Canada, Mexico, the UK, Germany and China. He is co-author of one of the leading social theory texts in the USA and Canada. Lori G. Beaman, Ph.D. is Canada Research Chair in the Contextualization of Religion in a Diverse Canada and Professor in the Department of Classics and Religious Studies at the University of Ottawa. Her publications include Reasonable Accommodation: Managing Religious Diversity (UBC Press, 2012), Defining Harm: Religious Freedom and the Limits of the Law (UBC Press, 2008), ‘Is Religious Freedom Impossible in Canada?’ (Law, Culture, and the Humanities, 7/2, 2011), ‘“It was all slightly unreal”: What’s Wrong with Tolerance and Accommodation in the Adjudication of Religious Freedom’ (Canadian Journal of Women and Law, 23/2, 2011) and ‘Just Work it Out Amongst Your Selves: The Implications of the Private Mediation of Religious Freedom’ (Citizenship Studies, 16/2, 2012, 2012). She is co-editor, with Peter Beyer, of Religion and Diversity in Canada (Brill, 2008). She is principal investigator of a 37-member international research team whose focus is religion and diversity (religionanddiversity.ca). Joanildo A. Burity is Senior Lecturer and Director of the Faith and Globalisation Programme at Durham University, UK. His current research is on the expansion and socio-political activism of Latin American Pentecostals and ecumenical alterglobalists. His areas of interest include religion and globalization, religious identity and politics, religion and collective action and post-structuralist discourse theory. His publications include Redes, Parcerias e Participação Religiosa nas Políticas Sociais no Brasil (2006), several edited volumes and numerous articles in books and journals. Rachel Chagnon is Professor of Law at the Université du Québec à Montréal and is the Feminist Centre coordinator. She is currently working on questions related to public policies on equality and non-discrimination. Her present project analyses the interaction between stereotypes, non-discrimination and self-regulation of the Canadian media. She has published many articles and chapters in various journals and books on issues concerning women and law. viii Religion in the Neoliberal Age Agnes Chong is a Doctor of Science of Law (JSD) candidate at Stanford Law School. Her dissertation examines the impact of counterterrorism laws and policies on Muslim community organizations in the United States and the United Kingdom. She is co-founder of the Stanford Program in Law & Society, a student- run organization aimed at promoting and advancing socio-legal interdisciplinary scholarship at Stanford Law School. She completed her Master’s degree as a Stanford Program in International Legal Studies fellow in 2009–10. Previously, Agnes worked in the community law sector in New South Wales, Australia, in various roles including solicitor, policy officer and educator. She received her LLB/BA (Communications) with First Class Honours at the University of Technology, Sydney. François Gauthier is Professor in Sociology of Religion at Fribourg University (Switzerland), formerly at the Département de sciences des religions of the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM). He is also researcher at the Chaire de recherche du Canada en Mondialisation, citoyenneté et démocratie (UQAM) and at the Groupe Société, Religions, Laïcités (GSRL EPHE-CNRS, Paris). His areas of interest include the impact of consumerism and neoliberalism on contemporary societies, as well as issues linked to religion and politics, religion and public space, as well as the application of the Maussian theory of gift on religion and culture. His publications include edited volumes on Religion in Consumer Society (Social Compass, 58/3, 2011), Sacred and Economic Growth (Entropia, 11), Youth and Religion (Jeunes et religion au Québec, Presses de l’Université Laval, 2008) and Techno Culture and Religion (Religiologiques, 24), as well as numerous articles in books and journals. Breda Gray is Director of postgraduate programmes in Gender, Culture & Society and Senior Lecturer in the Department of Sociology at the University of Limerick, Ireland. She is author of Women and the Irish Diaspora (Routledge, 2004), editor of the Irish Journal of Sociology (18/3, 2010) special issue on the transnational turn in sociology and joint-editor of the journal Mobilities (6/2, 2011) on methodological innovations in mobilities research. She has also published numerous journal articles and chapters in edited collections. She is principal investigator for the IRCHSS-funded research project ‘The Irish Catholic Church and the Politics of Migration’ (www.ul.ie/icctmp) and joint principal investigator on the Irish Social Science Platform project ‘Nomadic Work/Life in the Knowledge Economy’ (http://nwl.ul.ie). Jason Hackworth is an Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Planning at the University of Toronto. Much of his work focuses on the various ways that economic metanarratives, such as neoliberalism, shape local policy and development outcomes in North American cities. Recently, he has written about the various ways that faith-based social welfare is positioned as a justification for neoliberalism in the North American context. He is the author of two books, Notes on Contributors ix Faith-Based: Religious Neoliberalism and the Politics of Welfare in the United States (University of Georgia, 2012) and The Neoliberal City: Governance, Ideology, and Development in American Urbanism (Cornell University Press, 2007). His articles have appeared in number of different journals including Environment and Planning A, The International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Urban Affairs Review and Urban Geography. Tuomas Martikainen is a Professor in Ethnic Relations in the Swedish School of Social Science at the University of Helsinki, Finland. His areas of interest include contemporary religious and ethnic diversity, governance of religion, religion in consumer society and the incorporation of immigrant Muslims in Europe. His publications include Religion, Migration, Settlement: Reflections on post-1990 Immigration to Finland (Brill, forthcoming), Immigrant Religions in Local Society: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives in the City of Turku (Åbo Akademi University Press, 2004), several edited volumes and numerous articles in books and journals. Ringo Ringvee is a historian of religion with a special interest in contemporary religious diversity, minority religions and the interaction between politics and religion. His publications include articles in books and journals on minority religions and their legal situation in Estonia and in other Baltic countries. He is the head of the Estonian Institute for the Study of Religions, member of the research group of the Centre of Excellence in Cultural Theory at the University of Tartu and he holds the post of Adviser at the Religious Affairs Department at the Estonian Ministry of the Interior. Ryan Sandefer is Chair and Assistant Professor in the Department of Health Informatics and Information Management at the College of St Scholastica (Duluth, MN, USA). He is currently working on the Regional Extension and Assistance Center for Health Information Technology (REACH) project funded by the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. His areas of interest include the politics of healthcare, health policy and health information technology. Jens Schlamelcher is Scientific Assistant at the Centre for Religious Studies, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany. He is currently working on processes of marketization of the Protestant Church in Germany, which is also the topic of his Ph.D. thesis. Being trained in sociology and anthropology, Jens Schlamelcher has a strong foundation in the systematic branch of religious studies, where he tries to integrate different approaches such as systems theory, governmentality studies, post-structuralism and post-colonialism. Historically, his specialist field of interest is religion in late modernity, with a particular focus on Christianity.