Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16772-8 — Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Joseph Liow Frontmatter More Information Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Religionandnationalismaretwoofthemostpotentandenduringforces that have shaped the modern world. Yet there has been little system- aticstudyofhowthesetwoforceshaveinteractedtoprovidepowerful impetus for mobilization in Southeast Asia, a region where religious identities are as strong as nationalist impulses. At the heart of many religiousconflictsinSoutheastAsialiecompetingconceptionsofnation andnationhood,identityandbelonging,loyaltyandlegitimacy.Inthis accessibleandtimelystudy,JosephChinyongLiowexaminestheways inwhichreligiousidentitynourishescollectiveconsciousnessofapeo- plewhoseethemselvesasanation,perhapsevenasaconstituentpart ofanation,butanchoredinsharedfaith.Drawingoncasestudiesfrom acrosstheregion,Liowarguesthatthisservesasbothavitalelementof identityandameansthroughwhichissuesofrightsandlegitimacyare understood.    isDeanandProfessorofComparativeand InternationalPoliticsattheS.RajaratnamSchoolofInternationalStud- ies,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity.Heisalsotheinauguralholderof theLeeKuanYewChairinSoutheastAsiaStudiesandSeniorFellowin theForeignPolicyProgramattheBrookingsInstitutioninWashington, D.C. Liow’s research focuses on comparative politics, Islamic studies, internationalrelations,andpoliticalsociology.Hehasaparticularinter- estinMuslimpoliticsandsocialmovementsinSoutheastAsiaandhas publishedbooksonthetopicsofMuslimpoliticsinMalaysiaandIslamic educationinThailand. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16772-8 — Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Joseph Liow Frontmatter More Information Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Joseph Chinyong Liow © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16772-8 — Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Joseph Liow Frontmatter More Information UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107167728 (cid:2)C JosephChinyongLiow2016 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2016 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIves AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-1-107-16772-8Hardback ISBN978-1-316-61809-7Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication, anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16772-8 — Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Joseph Liow Frontmatter More Information For Keng Teck and Dorothy, otherwise known to me as Dad and Mum © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16772-8 — Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Joseph Liow Frontmatter More Information Contents Preface pageix Acknowledgments xii Glossary xv Introduction 1 WhyReligionandNationalism? 2 TheArgumentataGlance 9 Why“Framing”? 12 OrganizationoftheBook 14 1 FaithandFlag 18 Religion 18 Nationalism 32 WhatisReligiousNationalism? 42 ReligiousNationalismandMobilization:TheUseofFrames 51 Conclusion 60 2 SouthernPhilippines:ReframingMoroNationalism from(Bangsa)MorotoBangsamoro 62 ContoursoftheBangsamoroStruggle 63 Identity:WhoisaBangsamoro? 70 History,Sovereignty,Landlessness 75 PrognosticFrames:FromRebelliontoReconciliation 78 TheMotivationalFrameofIslam 83 UnpackingtheNarrativeofBangsamoro“Unity” 90 Conclusion 97 3 Thailand’sSouthernBorderProvinces:Constructing NarrativesandImaginingPataniDarussalam 99 PataniHistoryas“Anti-Thai”History 101 “AnakPatani”asSubjectorCitizen? 105 PrognosticFrames 116 ReligiousNarrativesintheSouthernThailandStruggle 120 Conclusion 133 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16772-8 — Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Joseph Liow Frontmatter More Information viii Contents 4 Malaysia:Religion,Ethno-Nationalism,and Turf-Guarding 135 ABriefNoteontheReligiousImperativeinMalay(sian)Nationalism 137 ChristianityinMalaysia:HistoryandSocialContext 139 EthnicityasPresumedDestiny 141 PrognosticFrames:ChristianMobilizationandLegalRecourse? 152 EastMalaysia 164 TheHinduCommunity 166 IslamizationandKetuananinContextandRetrospect 168 Conclusion 174 5 Indonesia:ContestingPrinciplesofNationhood 175 Religion,Nationalism,andIndonesia 177 ChristianityinIndonesia 181 NegotiatingtheBasesofNationhoodandStatehood 184 “ReligiousConflict”inEasternIndonesia 194 UnpackingtheReligiousMasterFrame 200 WhatLiesBeneaththe(Religious)MasterFrames 207 SubversiveNarrativeswithintheIndonesiaUmmah: TheAhmadiyahQuestion 210 NationhoodandNarratives 213 Conclusion 216 Conclusion 218 Religion,Nationalism,Modernity 220 CompetingConceptionsofNationhoodandLegitimacy 222 Narratives,Contexts,andContingencies 225 SoWhatDoesItAllMean? 228 Bibliography 232 Index 254 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16772-8 — Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Joseph Liow Frontmatter More Information Preface ReligionhasalwaysbeenanimportantthemeinSoutheastAsianhistory and culture. It has also been a crucial feature of the region’s politics and specifically, as I hope to demonstrate in this book, in the concep- tion of nationhood and the political contestations that have defined the history of the nation in Southeast Asia. Indeed, since the emergence of anti-colonial movements in the region, religion has animated and col- ored nationalism in Southeast Asia. Romantic nationalists from Myan- mar (Burma) to Indonesia and the Philippines, in possession of great capacities for invention and myth-making, frequently capitalized on the “immutable” religious identity of “their people” in order to construct narratives that frame conceptions of nationhood beyond the imperative ofmaterialself-interest. Such is the currency of these narratives, it harkens to Hugh Trevor- Roper’s observation, made in his illuminating tome, The Invention of Scotland, that “for what people believe is true is a force, even if it is not true.” This conceptualization of nationhood using religious metaphors, vocabularies, and referents, I should add, was not merely confined to thoseanti-colonialmovementsthatagitatedsuccessfullytoliberatetheir nationsfromWesternimperialism.Religionhasbeenanequallyrobust, ifattimesoverlooked,phenomenononatleasttwofurthercounts:first, as a feature in the process of post-independence nation and state build- ing and consolidation and, second, in the articulation of resistance by groups within the territorial state but who do not share in its concep- tionofnationhood.Itisinthehopeofuntanglingthisdynamicthematic combinationofreligiousidentity,nationalism,andpoliticalcontestation thatReligionandNationalisminSoutheastAsiahasbeenwritten. Thetopicofreligionandconflicthasfascinatedmanyascholarofthe region.Theresulthasbeentheproductionofseveralexcellentstudiesthat exploretheroleofreligioninpoliticalconflictfromawidearrayofper- spectivesrangingfromeconomicinequalitytominorityidentity,political legitimacy, and integration. Of particular note are Thomas McKenna’s illuminatingstudyoflocalpoliticsinCotabato,EdwardAspinall’sstudy ix © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16772-8 — Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Joseph Liow Frontmatter More Information x Preface of how religious identity blended with nationalism in Aceh, Duncan McCargo’s work on southern Thailand that focuses on the legitimacy- deficit of the Thai state in the Malay south, and John Sidel’s masterly analysisofthekaleidoscopicviolenceperpetratedbyreligiouslyinspired groupsinIndonesia.1 Thisbookhopestoaddtothisliteratureinatleast twoways. First,notwithstandingtheirhighquality,muchofthebestscholarship inthisfieldremainssingle-countrystudies.Thereisadearthofcompar- ativeworkundertakeninthisarea.Inthisregard,theaimofthisbookis to complement the existing corpus by locating single-country cases in a historically and culturally grounded, comparative interrogation of what religious identity entails for the politics of conflict, taking into account the remarkable depth and diversity of religious conceptions of identity andpoliticsacrossSoutheastAsia. Second,althoughreligionandnationalismaretwoofthemostpotent and enduring socio-political forces that have shaped the modern world, commandingmuchloyaltyandforwhichmenandwomenhavewillingly spilt blood and sacrificed lives, there has been little systematic study of howthesetwoforceshaveinteractedandcombinedtoprovidepowerful impetus for mobilization and political contestation. This is particularly strikinginthestudyofSoutheastAsia,aregionwherethesalienceofreli- giousidentityismatchedonlybythestrengthofnationalistimpulses.To thateffect,thepurposeofReligionandNationalisminSoutheastAsiaisalso tofosterabetterunderstandingoftheroleandplaceofreligioninarange of intrastate conflicts across Southeast Asia where religious identity has beeninvoked.Itaimstodosobyunpackingthereligiousmetaphorsand narrativesassociatedwiththeseconflictsandinterrogatingthemagainst the cultural and historical backdrops within which they are embedded. In addressing these issues, this book hopes not only to cast light on the themes of religion, conflict, and nationalism in the region, but also to bringSoutheastAsianstudiestobearoncurrentdebatesovertheroleof religioninthestudyofnationalismandconflictincontemporarysociety andpolitics. Thisbookisaresultofmyinterestinandresearchonissuesofidentity, religion,andconflictinthesouthernThailand,Mindanao,andMalaysia 1 ThomasM.McKenna,MuslimRulersandRebels:EverydayPoliticsandArmedSeparatism in the Southern Philippines. Berkeley, CA.: University of California Press, 1998; John T. Sidel, Riots, Pogroms, Jihad: Religious Violence in Indonesia. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UniversityPress,2006;DuncanMcCargo,TearingAparttheLand:IslamandLegitimacyin SouthernThailand.Ithaca,N.Y.:CornellUniversityPress,2008;EdwardAspinall,Islam andNation:SeparatistRebellioninAceh,Indonesia.PaloAlto,CA.:StanfordUniversity Press,2009. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16772-8 — Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Joseph Liow Frontmatter More Information Preface xi whichIhavecultivatedoverthelasttwodecades.Havingwrittenoneach individual case on numerous separate occasions earlier in my career, I decided to challenge myself to undertake a comparative investigation that would draw together all that I have observed and studied over this period of time, especially during periods of fieldwork in Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Mindanao, and almost every state in Malaysia. The one regretIhave,however,evenastheprocessofwritingdrewtoaconclusion, isthatIwasneverabletospendasubstantialperiodoftimeundertaking fieldwork in Indonesia. This was in large part because by the time I decidedtoembarkonthisproject,Iwasalreadyinthedean’sofficeand couldnolongeraffordtheluxuryoflongperiodsawayinthefield.Indeed, this is my biggest regret, and if it has resulted in a poorer book, tolong ma’afkansaya.Nevertheless,Istillhopethattheideascontainedinthis book can provide some impetus for reconceptualizing and rethinking of thesocialandpoliticalundercurrentspresentlyplayingoutintheregion, purportedlyinthenameofreligion.Solongasthisbookisabletoprompt further discussion, generate new scholarship, or even elicit criticism, its goalswouldhavebeenachieved. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-16772-8 — Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Joseph Liow Frontmatter More Information Acknowledgments Ihaveincurredmanydebtsinthecourseofwritingthisbook.Inparticu- lar,IwouldliketoacknowledgethecareerdebtIowetofourindividuals: Barry Desker, former dean of RSIS, has always been unstinting in his support throughout my entire career after my Ph.D.; S.R. Nathan first employedmeasaresearchassistantattheInstituteofDefenceandStrate- gicStudies,precursorofRSIS,andremainsverygenerouswithhistime and advice; Yuenfoong Khong has been an academic mentor par excel- lence, whose continued keen interest in my work remains a great source ofencouragement;andEddieTeo,chairmanoftheBoardofGovernors oftheSchool,entrustedmewiththedutiesofthedeanshipoftheSchool but was always encouraging of my efforts to continue researching and writing despite those responsibilities. Without the backing of these four people, I would never have made it as a scholar. For that, I am forever grateful. If this book has any merit, it is only because of the kind support I have received from many people and institutions, even if I myself am responsibleforanydeficienciesinthisbook.Overtheyears,Ihavebene- fittedgreatlyfromnumerousconversations,discussions,anddebateswith Greg Fealy, Ed Aspinall, Sidney Jones, Kirsten Schulze, Julie Chernov- Hwang, Bob Hefner, Greg Barton, Don Pathan, Farish Noor, Chai- wat Satha-anand, Duncan McCargo, Rungrawee Chalermsripinyorat, Michael Vatikiotis, Don Horowitz, Don Emmerson, Meredith Weiss, Mohamed Nawab, Tom McKenna, Paul Hutchcroft, Renato Cruz de Castro,andJulkipliWadi,allestablishedscholarsintheirownrightand whohavehadformativeinfluenceonmyownwork.EdAspinallandPaul Hutchcroft kindly provided valuable advice on an earlier outline of this project, while Greg Fealy, Alex Arifianto, and Duncan McCargo read andprovidedmuch-appreciatedfeedbackforvariouschapters. Researchforthisbookwouldhaveprovenafarmorearduousendeavor if not for the enthusiasm, resourcefulness, and professionalism of a number of people who provided various forms of assistance, including fieldwork assistance ranging from driving to scheduling of meetings to xii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org